Table 3.
The combination index (CI) values for the PEE and CWE mixture on the tested parameters.
| Parameters | CI | Effect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro antioxidant assays | |||
| DPPH (mg/mL) | 0.730± 0.001 | Synergistic | |
| NO scavenging (mg/mL) | 0.249± 0.020 | Synergistic | |
| Superoxide radical scavenging (mg/mL) | 0.337± 0.017 | Synergistic | |
| T. antioxidant (mg/mL) | 0.341± 0.022 | Synergistic | |
| Seminal quality and oxidative stress markers | |||
| Sperm count (106/mL) | 1.076 ± 0.006 | Additive | |
| Morphology index (%) | 0.985 ± 0.002 | Synergistic | |
| Motility type (%) | Progressive | 0.981 ± 0.011 | Synergistic |
| Non-progressive | 0.959 ± 0.015 | Synergistic | |
| Motility (%) | 1st h | 0.919 ± 0.013 | Synergistic |
| 2nd h | 0.911 ± 0.003 | Synergistic | |
| 3rd h | 0.000 ± 0.000 | Synergistic | |
| Serum fructose level (mg/dL) | 1.064 ± 0.011 | Additive | |
| Seminal fructose level (mg/g tissue) | 1.019 ± 0.009 | Additive | |
| α-Mannosidase activity (U/mg protein) | 0.123 ± 0.002 | Synergistic | |
| FSH (μIU/mL) | 0.890 ± 0.001 | Synergistic | |
| LH (μIU/mL) | 0.837 ± 0.004 | Synergistic | |
| Testosterone (ng/dL) | 0.618 ± 0.011 | Synergistic | |
| MDA (μmol/mg protein) | 0.748 ± 0.041 | Synergistic | |
| GSH (mM/mg protein) | 0.763 ± 0.012 | Synergistic | |
| GPx activity (U/mg protein) | 0.520 ± 0.011 | Synergistic | |
| GST activity (U/mg protein) | 0.543 ± 0.039 | Synergistic | |
| Insulin resistance markers | |||
| FBS (mg/dL) | 0.951 ± 0.021 | Synergistic | |
| Insulin (𝛍𝐔/mL) | 0.983 ± 0.011 | Synergistic | |
| HOMA-IR | 0.755 ± 0.019 | Synergistic | |
| HOMA-β | 1.227 ± 0.028 | Antagonistic | |
| ER stress and autophagy parameters | |||
| GRP78 (Protein expression fold) | 0.580 ± 0.018 | Synergistic | |
| Sigma 1R (ng/mg protein) | 0.898 ± 0.011 | Synergistic | |
| PI3KC3 (ng/mg protein) | 1.076 ± 0.018 | Additive | |
| Beclin-1 | ng/mg protein | 0.898 ± 0.005 | Synergistic |
| mRNA expression fold | 0.557 ± 0.011 | Synergistic | |
| LC3II | Protein expression fold | 0.543 ± 0.016 | Synergistic |
| mRNA expression fold | 0.332 ± 0.022 | Synergistic | |
| ATG5 (mRNA expression fold) | 0.384 ± 0.008 | Synergistic | |
| ATG7 (mRNA expression fold) | 0.271 ± 0.027 | Synergistic | |
| P62 | Protein expression fold | 0.485 ± 0.148 | Synergistic |
| mRNA expression fold | 0.595 ± 0.016 | Synergistic | |
| P-mTOR Ser2448 (Protein expression fold) | 0.434 ± 0.018 | Synergistic | |
| CI < 1, =1, and >1 indicate synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects, respectively. | |||