Table 3.
Final multivariable, generalized linear mixed models with binomial outcomes of wildtype/non-wildtype of Staphylococcus delphini isolates, against one of three antibiotics (penicillins, macrolides, tetracyclines).
| Benzylpenicillin Non-Wildtype Isolates | Erythromycin Non-Wildtype Isolates | Tetracycline Non-Wildtype Isolates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weaning | Growth | Breeding | Weaning | Growth | Breeding | Weaning | Growth | Breeding | ||
| Intercept Estimate (Std Error) |
1.50 (0.40) | 1.66 (0.46) | 1.79 (0.49) | 2.35 (1.31) | 4.23 (3.27) | 1.16 (1.28) | 0.12 (1.17) | 2.07 (0.00) | −0.18 (0.95) | |
| Random effects (Std Dev) |
Farm | 1.25 | 1.39 | 1.41 | 1.65 | 3.14 | 2.54 | 1.47 | 1.35 | 0.59 |
| Feed producer | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.86 | 4.37 | 1.78 | 1.89 | 1.22 | 1.57 | |
| Short-term antibiotic use | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Long-term antibiotic use | p-value | - | - | - | 0.009 | - | - | - | 0.030 | - |
| 0 (reference) 1 | 0 (reference) 1 | |||||||||
| Estimate (Std Error) | 2.90 (1.12) | 2.07 (0.00) | ||||||||
| OR [CI95%] | 18.2 [2.26;321.36] | 8.2 [1.27;63.31] | ||||||||
Weaning: bacterial sampling in June 2018, antibiotic use short-term, 16 April–30 June. Growth: bacterial sampling in October 2018, antibiotic use short-term, 1 July–26 October. Breeding: bacterial sampling in March 2019, antibiotic use short-term, 27 October 2018–25 March 2019. Long-term antibiotic use, from 2016 up until sampling. 1 No use of antibiotics has been used as reference: non-significant predictors not included in the final model.