Table 1.
The strains with 16S rRNA methylase resistance gene and their distribution.
| Genotype | Action Site | MIC (μg/mL) | Subtype | Epidemic Strains | Year of Isolation and Distribution | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| armA | G1405 | AMK ≥ 256 GEN ≥ 256 TOB ≥ 256 KAN ≥ 256 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 2019-Japan, Brazil, Greece, India 2020-China; 2021-Britain; 2022-China |
[7,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] | |
| Escherichia coli | 2020-India, French; 2021-Britain | |||||
| Acinetobacter baumanii | 2018-China; 2020-Greece, Brazil; 2021-Britain | |||||
| Enterobacter cloacae | 2020-Myanmar; 2021-Britain | |||||
| Citrobacter freundii | 2021-Britain | |||||
| Salmonella enterica | 2021-China | |||||
| Serratia marcescens | 2020-Turkey | |||||
| Enterobacter xiangfangensis | 2020-Myanmar | |||||
| rmtA | G1405 | ABK ≥ 512 AMK ≥ 512 GEN ≥ 512 KAN ≥ 512 TOB ≥ 512 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 2003-Japan; 2009-Korea; 2014-Japan; 2017-China | [9,28,29,30,31,32,33,34] | |
| K. pneumoniae | 2011-Switzerland; 2021-China | |||||
| E. coli | 2019-Iran; 2020-India | |||||
| E. cloacae | 2017-China | |||||
| rmtB | G1405 | AMK > 256 GEN > 256 KAN > 256 TOB > 256 |
rmtB1 | E. coli | 2019-Japan, China, Korea; 2020-India, China, French; 2021-China, Britain, Greece, Kenya; 2022-Switzerland |
[7,20,24,32,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55] |
| K. pneumoniae | 2019-China, Japan; 2020-China, Japan; 2021-Britain, Brazil, China; 2022-Switzerland |
|||||
| S. enterica | 2020-China; 2021-China; 2022-China | |||||
| E. cloacae | 2019-Iran; 2020-China | |||||
| A. baumanii | 2020-Brazil | |||||
| C. freundii | 2021-China | |||||
| Providencia stuartii | 2021-Britain, Greece | |||||
| Proteus mirabilis | 2021-Greece, China | |||||
| Klebsiella variicola | 2021-China | |||||
| rmtB2 | Providencia rettgeri | 2021-America | ||||
| rmtB4 | P. aeruginosa | 2019-Myanmar; 2021-Egypt, Britain, India | ||||
| rmtC | G1405 | AMK > 256 GEN > 256 TOB ≥ 512 ABK = 1024 |
P. mirabilis | 2006-Japan; 2008-Australia | [15,35,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73] | |
| K. pneumoniae | 2013-India, Nepal; 2017-Vietnam 2019-Iran, Albania; 2020-Turkey |
|||||
| E. coli | 2013-India; 2016-Turkey; 2020-India; 2021-Britain 2022-Switzerland |
|||||
| E. cloacae | 2014-South Africa; 2019-Saudi Arabia; 2021-Britain 2022-Switzerland |
|||||
| S. enterica | 2010-Britain; 2017-China | |||||
| Salmonella stanley | 2013-China | |||||
| C. freundii | 2014-South Africa; 2021-Britain; 2022-Switzerland | |||||
| Morganella morganii | 2022-Switzerland | |||||
| P. aeruginosa | 2015-India; 2022-Britain | |||||
| S. marcescens | 2014-South Africa | |||||
| A. baumanii | 2018-Ukraine; 2020-Brazil | |||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | 2019-China | |||||
| E. xiangfangensis | 2019-Myanmar; 2022-Switzerland | |||||
| rmtD | G1405 | AMK > 256 ABK > 256 GEN > 256 TOB > 256 |
rmtD1 | K. pneumoniae | 2008-Argentina, Chile, Brazil; 2013-America 2020-Turkey; 2021-Brazil |
[55,61,62,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83] |
| E. coli | 2020-India | |||||
| E. cloacae | 2008-Chile; 2010-Argentina | |||||
| AMK ≥ 256 KAN ≥ 256 GEN ≥ 1024 GEN ≥ 1024 |
rmtD2 | C. freundii | 2010-Argentina | |||
| Enterobacter aerogenes | 2010-Argentina | |||||
| ABK > 1024 AMK > 1024 GEN > 1024 KAN > 1024 TOB > 1024 |
rmtD3 | P. aeruginosa | 2007-Brazil; 2011-Brazil; 2018-Myanmar 2019-Poland; 2021-Brazil; 2022-Britain |
|||
| rmtE | G1405 | AMK ≥ 256 GEN ≥ 256 KAN > 256 TOB ≥ 256 |
rmtE1 | E. coli | 2010-America; 2014-America; 2016-China; 2017-America; 2020-India |
[55,74,84,85,86,87,88] |
| P. aeruginosa | 2019-Myanmar | |||||
| E. xiangfangensis | 2022-Myanmar | |||||
| rmtE2 | E. coli | 2015-China | ||||
| rmtE3 | A. baumanii | 2022-Britain | ||||
| rmtF | G1405 | AMK ≥ 256 GEN ≥ 256 TOB ≥ 256 APR = 2 |
rmtF1 | K. pneumoniae | 2012-French; 2013-India, Nepal, Britain; 2014-America; 2015-India; 2016-Egypt; 2018-Switzerland, Britain, Ireland; 2020-China; 2020-India; 2022-Switzerland |
[35,36,56,57,58,59,60,62,89,90,91,92,93,94,95] |
| E. coli | 2013-India; 2015-India; 2020-India | |||||
| P. aeruginosa | 2015-India; 2021-Egypt | |||||
| C. freundii | 2013-India; 2015-India | |||||
| E. cloacae | 2013-India; 2014-South Africa | |||||
| Citrobacter kooseri | 2015-India | |||||
| P. mirabilis | 2015-India | |||||
| AMK > 1024 ABK > 1024 |
rmtF2 | P. aeruginosa | 2017-Nepal; 2019-Myanmar; 2022-Britain | |||
| rmtG | G1405 | AMK > 256 TOB > 256 GEN > 256 ABK > 256 |
K. pneumoniae | 2013-Brazil; 2014-America; 2014-Chile 2015-India; 2016-Brazil; 2017-Switzerland 2022-Switzerland |
[35,59,80,96,97,98,99,100,101,102] | |
| P. aeruginosa | 2015-Brazil | |||||
| E. coli | 2015-India; 2020-India | |||||
| K. aerogenes | 2019-Brazil | |||||
| Enterobacter hormaechei | 2020-Brazil | |||||
| rmtH | G1405 | GEN > 256 TOB > 256 AMK > 256 ABK > 256 |
K. pneumoniae | 2013-Iraq; 2017-Lebanon | [103,104] | |
| E. coli | 2020-India | |||||
| npmA | A1408 | KAN > 256 TOB > 256 NEO > 256 APR > 256 |
npmA1 | E. coli | 2007-China, Japan | [13,31,105,106] |
| P. aeruginosa | 2018-Japan | |||||
| K. pneumoniae | 2018-Japan | |||||
| npmA2 | Clostridioides difficile | 2019-America | ||||
| npmB | A1408 | AMK = 64 TOB = 128 GEN = 32 NEO = 128 APR > 256 |
npmB1
npmB2 |
E. coli | 2021-Britain | [12] |
GEN, Gentamicin; TOB, Tobramycin; AMK, Amikacin; ABK, Arbekacin; NEO, Neomycin; APR, Apramycin; KAN, Kanamycin. Due to space limitations, armA and rmtB genes only list the distribution of epidemic strains around the world from 2019 to 2022, and there is no strain carrying rmtB3 found from 2019 to 2022.