Figure 2.

ROS/RNS production modulates macrophage polarization. In M1 macrophages, augmented levels of NOX2, iNOS, SYNCRIP (associated with NOX2 mRNA stability), and TRAF6 (involved in respiratory chain complex I stability) causes ROS/RNS production to increase, which triggers inflammatory response, phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity. M2 macrophages down-regulate NOX2, iNOS, SYNCRIP and/or up-regulate arginase and SOD1, counteract ROS and RNS, and favor anti-inflammatory response, would healing and tissue repair functions.