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. 2022 Jul 14;11(7):1363. doi: 10.3390/antiox11071363

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Figure 5

Hesperidin mitigated PM2.5-induced cell apoptosis and MAPK activation. Cells were pretreated with hesperidin (50 µM) for 1 h, and then exposed to PM2.5 (50 µg/mL) for another 24 h. (A) Cell lysates were subjected to western blotting for Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, (B) phospho-ERK, ERK, phospho-JNK, JNK, phospho-p38, p38, phospho-Akt, Akt. Actin was used as the loading control. Cells were pretreated with hesperidin (50 µM), U0126 (50 nM), SP600125 (5 µM), SB203580 (10 µM), and LY294002 (50 µM) for 1 h, and then exposed to PM2.5 (50 µg/mL) for 24 h. (C) Hoechst 33342 staining was used to assess cellular apoptosis, and the arrows indicate apoptotic bodies. Cell viability was assessed using (D) trypan blue, arrows indicating the dead cells, and (E,F) MTT assays. * p < 0.05, # p < 0.05, and ** p < 0.05 compared with the control cells, PM2.5-exposed cells, and hesperidin + PM2.5-exposed cells, respectively.