Figure 6.

Schematic diagram summarizing the protective mechanism of hesperidin against PM_2.5-induced cell damage. Hesperidin protects keratinocytes by suppressing PM_2.5-induced intracellular ROS generation, intracellular macromolecules damage, autophagy activation, and cell apoptosis. Hesperidin alleviates cell apoptosis via the inhibition of PM_2.5-induced MAPK activation as well as excessive autophagy activation, which may cause the uncontrolled degradation of intracellular components that eventually results in apoptosis and cell death. Furthermore, hesperidin restored the PM_2.5-mediated decrease in cell viability via the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.