| HC | high-carbohydrate diet |
| L. plantarum | lactobacillus plantarum |
| H&E | hematoxylin and eosin |
| ORO | oil red O |
| SCFAs | short-chain fatty acids |
| GPR | G-protein coupled receptor |
| FBW | final body weight |
| WGR | weight gain rate |
| VSI | visceral somatic index |
| HSI | hepatosomatic index |
| MFI | mesenteric fat index |
| CI | carcass index |
| AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
| ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
| PCoA | principal coordinate analysis |
| TG | triglyceride |
| NEFA | non-esterified free fatty acids |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| MDA | malondialdehyde |
| GSH | reduced glutathione |
| H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
| OA | oleic acid |
| NaAc | sodium acetate |