Table 2.
Effects of walnut-enriched diets on inflammatory and metabolic syndrome biomarkers.
| Characteristic, Effect Size Type, SMD |
Effect Size (95% CI) | p-Value | I2 (95% CI) | p-Value | Egger Test | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP (mg/L) | −0.37 (−1.39–0.65) | 0.478 | NC | NC | [32,45] | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | −0.01 (−0.12–0.11) | 0.903 | NC | NC | [47] | |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | −1.26 (−2.01–−0.51) | <0.001 | NC | NC | [47] | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | −0.18 (−0.33–−0.03) | 0.021 | NC | NC | [47] | |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | −0.1 (−0.16–−0.04) | <0.001 | NC | NC | [47] | |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | −0.31 (−0.54–−0.08) | 0.009 | NC | NC | [47] | |
| E-selectin (ng/mL) | −2.57 (−4.09–−1.05) | <0.001 | NC | NC | [47] | |
| ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | −0.02 (−0.11–0.07) ANC | 0.672 | - | - | - | [39,41,47] |
| VCAM-1 (ng/mL) | −0.11 (−0.32–0.1) ANC | 0.305 | - | - | - | [39,41,47] |
| WC (cm) | −0.14 (−0.8–0.51) | 0.671 | 0 (0–89.6) | 0.71 | 0.572 | [37,40,43] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.11 (−0.11–0.34) | 0.326 | 63.1 (2.4–86) | 0.028 | 0.683 | [33,37,40,45,46] |
| BW (kg) | 0 (−0.4–0.39) | 0.987 | 22.2 (0–64.1) | 0.253 | 0.537 | [31,32,33,34,36,37,40,43] |
| SBP (mmHg) | −0.85 (−4.48–2.77) | 0.644 | 64.4 (24–83.4) | 0.006 | 0.699 | [32,34,35,37,40,44,45,46] |
| DBP (mmHg) | −0.34 (−1.68–1) | 0.62 | 35.3 (0–71.4) | 0.146 | 0.551 | [32,34,35,37,40,44,45,46] |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 0.01 (0–0.02) | 0.088 | 0 (0–74.6) | 0.692 | 0.57 | [36,37,40,41,45,46] |
| TG (mg/dL) | −7.41 (−10.89–−3.94) | <0.001 | 99.1 (99–99.3) | <0.001 | 0.264 | [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,40,41,42,45,46] |
| TC (mg/dL) | −5.22 (−7.64–−2.8) | <0.001 | 97.4 (96.5–98.1) | <0.001 | 0.375 | [31,32,34,35,36,37,38,40,41,42,45] |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.18 (−0.59–0.22) | 0.375 | 47.4 (0–72.4) | 0.029 | 0.507 | [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,45,46] |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | −5.93 (−7.77–−4.09) | <0.001 | 24.8 (0–61.8) | 0.2 | 0.83 | [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,40,41,42,45] |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.08 (−0.04–0.2) | 0.196 | 0 (0–84.7) | 0.774 | 0.816 | [33,36,41,45] |
| HOMA-IR | 0.03 (−0.44–0.5) | 0.891 | 57.1 (0–87.8) | 0.097 | 0.95 | [37,40,41] |
| Insulin (mIU/mL) | 0.91 (−2.16–3.98) | 0.561 | 65.4 (0–88.2) | 0.034 | 0.505 | [36,37,40,41] |
ANC—algorithm did not converge (when study [39] was entered; thus, the result is based only on studies [41,47]); BMI—body mass index; BW—body weight; CI—confidence interval; CRP—C-reactive protein; hs-CRP—high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; FBG—fasting blood glucose; HbA1c—glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR—homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; ICAM—intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN-γ—interferon gamma; IL-1β—interleukin-1β; IL-6—interleukin-6; LDL-C—low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NC—not computed for less than three studies; SBP—systolic blood pressure; SD—standard deviation; SMD—standardized mean change difference; TC—total cholesterol; TG—triglycerides; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VCAM—vascular cell adhesion molecule; WC—waist circumference.