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. 2022 Jul 6;11(7):1014. doi: 10.3390/biology11071014

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Conventional and emerging CAF markers. CAF transdifferentiation from normal fibroblast (represented by the red circle) and activation are influenced by crosstalk with epithelial cancer cells in the colon. CAFs can be represented by various markers. Classical markers have been applied extensively for CAF characterisation despite their heterogeneous expression. Emerging CAF markers can be potentially used in combination with conventional markers to further dissect the molecular properties of CAFs and to determine prognosis of patients. HSP47: heat shock protein 47; Snail1: Snail family transcriptional repressor 1; Wnt2: Wnt family member 2; S100A4: S100 calcium-binding protein A4; PDPN: podoplanin; NNMT: nicotinamide N-methyltransferase; SCD: stearoyl-CoA desaturase; LOXL2: lysyl oxidase-like 2; AOC3: amine oxidase copper-containing 3; +: positive expression; blue downwards arrow: downregulation of expression; red upwards arrow: upregulation of expression.