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. 2022 Jun 30;11(7):1311. doi: 10.3390/antiox11071311

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of light intensity on reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. (a) The presence or absence of light in shoots and roots, respectively, greatly affects reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and antioxidant levels under various environmental conditions. (b) Rapid alterations in light intensity (3–6 h) trigger a systemic ROS response (ROS wave) mediated by H₂O₂ and respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D (RBOHD). Long-term response (1–7 days) of ROS homeostasis to low light or high light is also light intensity-dependent, but it is also influenced by the other environmental conditions (temperature, water availability). SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; APX: ascorbate peroxidase; PhyB: phytochrome B; PPFD: photosynthetic photon flux density; SA: salicylic acid; ABA: abscisic acid; PQ pool: plastoquinone pool; RH: relative humidity; POD: guaiacol peroxidase; γECS: γ-glutamylcysteine synthase; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; AsA: ascorbic acid.