Table 1.

Overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella transmission pathways originating from poultry production (based on [2]).

Country	AMR Transmission Pathway(s)	Findings
Kenya	Indirect transmission to backyard poultry.	Salmonella spp. were isolated and detected the presence of class 1 integrons beta-lactamase genes from backyard chicken feces.
Vietnam	Intensive chicken farming Occupational exposure.	Demonstrated an association with AMR Salmonella spp. in farmers and intensively farmed poultry.
EU	Zoonotic.	Human and food-production animals had a moderate to high prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella resistant to ampicillin, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides, a high to extremely high resistance to fluoroquinolones in Salmonella spp., E. coli, and Campylobacter recovered from humans, broilers, fattening turkeys, and poultry carcasses/meat, and low levels of bacteria resistant to colistin in food-producing animals. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis recovered from broilers.
USA	Zoonotic.	Moderate levels of Salmonella resistant to ciprofloxacin associated to direct and indirect contact with animal feces. MDR Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis recovered from broiler’s meat. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that this strain was identified from sick people returning from South America, and it is rapidly spreading among people and animal populations.