Table 2.
Joint angle, joint moment, and joint power.
| Index | Male | Female | Average | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 cm | 1.5 cm | 3 cm | 0 cm | 1.5 cm | 3 cm | 0 cm | 1.5 cm | 3 cm | ||
| Hip | Max A (°) | −4.94 ± 9.37 | −9.17 ± 4.53 | −4.98 ± 13.44 | −13.56 ± 5.11 | −16.21 ± 4.67 | −19.78 ± 4.23 | −9.48 ± 8.54 | −12.96 ± 5.79 | −15.27 ± 10.67 |
| Min A (°) | −87.23 ± 9.45 | −88.96 ± 9.27 | −92.20 ± 12.67 | −100.94 ± 8.21 | −106.37 ± 7.24 | −105.59 ± 13.34 | −94.54 ± 11.15 | −98.33 ± 11.97 | −101.51 ± 14.51 | |
| ROM (°) | 82.29 ± 9.84 | 79.79 ± 7.60 | 87.23 ± 9.43 | 87.48 ± 8.44 | 90.16 ± 7.82 | 85.81 ± 12.89 | 85.06 ± 9.48 | 85.37 ± 9.29 | 86.24 ± 11.96 | |
| Peak M (Nm/kg) | 0.86 ± 0.12 | 0.81 ± 0.15 | 0.72 ± 0.02 | 0.68 ± 0.14 | 0.83 ± 0.20 | 0.79 ± 0.20 | 0.76 ± 0.16 | 0.82 ± 0.18 | 0.77 ± 0.17 | |
| Peak CP (W/kg) | 1.30 ± 0.34 | 1.28 ± 0.34 | 1.09 ± 0.24 | 0.90 ± 0.18 | 1.06 ± 0.22 | 1.00 ± 0.25 | 1.08 ± 0.33 | 1.17 ± 0.30 | 1.02 ± 0.25 | |
| Peak EP (W/kg) | −0.86 ± 0.26 | −0.98 ± 0.13 | −0.97 ± 0.14 | −0.75 ± 0.22 | −0.93 ± 0.24 | −0.97 ± 0.34 | −0.80 ± 0.25 | −0.94 ± 0.20 | −0.97 ± 0.29 | |
| Knee | Max A (°) | −16.05 ± 7.04 | −15.57 ± 3.33 | −15.24 ± 5.97 | −10.51 ± 7.25 | −8.48 ± 4.79 | −10.52 ± 5.82 | −13.09 ± 7.67 | −11.75 ± 5.48 | −11.96 ± 6.25 |
| Min A (°) | −137.42 ± 3.97 | −137.52 ± 3.92 | −140.77 ± 4.60 | −125.16 ± 10.51 | −125.57 ± 5.84 | −129.54 ± 7.80 | −130.88 ± 10.18 | −131.09 ± 7.81 | −132.96 ± 8.68 | |
| ROM (°) | 121.38 ± 3.97 | 121.95 ± 3.26 | 125.53 ± 5.68 | 114.65 ± 16.89 | 117.09 ± 9.12 | 119.02 ± 11.81 | 117.79 ± 13.07 | 119.33 ± 7.45 | 121.00 ± 10.76 | |
| Peak M (Nm/kg) | 0.84 ± 0.08 c | 0.89 ± 0.07 c | 1.02 ± 0.10 ab | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.83 ± 0.09 | 0.90 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.93 ± 0.11 | |
| Peak CP (W/kg) | 1.07 ± 0.23 | 1.08 ± 0.16 | 1.24 ± 0.23 | 1.13 ± 0.34 | 1.03 ± 0.24 | 1.06 ± 0.18 | 1.10 ± 0.29 | 1.06 ± 0.21 | 1.11 ± 0.21 | |
| Peak EP (W/kg) | −1.41 ± 0.32 c | −1.55 ± 0.34 | −1.80 ± 0.38 a | −1.08 ± 0.21 | −0.99 ± 0.22 | −1.21 ± 0.28 | −1.23 ± 0.31 | −1.25 ± 0.39 | −1.39 ± 0.41 | |
| Ankle | Max A (°) | −1.66 ± 3.83 c | 0.29 ± 5.01 | 4.28 ± 3.01 a | 6.47 ± 2.91 bc | 9.33 ± 2.75 ac | 16.08 ± 1.11 ab | 2.67 ± 5.28 c | 5.16 ± 6.00 c | 12.49 ± 5.75 ab |
| Min A (°) | −36.43 ± 2.65 | −36.14 ± 1.90 | −34.80 ± 1.24 | −31.81 ± 4.37 bc | −26.12 ± 3.90 ac | −21.09 ± 2.82 ab | −33.97 ± 4.34 bc | −30.74 ± 5.90 ac | −25.27 ± 6.77 ab | |
| ROM (°) | 34.77 ± 4.96 c | 36.43 ± 3.50 | 39.08 ± 2.82 a | 38.28 ± 2.75 b | 35.45 ± 2.98 a | 37.17 ± 2.70 | 36.64 ± 4.31 | 35.90 ± 3.27 c | 37.75 ± 2.88 b | |
| Peak M (Nm/kg) | 0.73 ± 0.11 | 0.68 ± 0.05 | 0.70 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.08 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.59 ± 0.16 | 0.57 ± 0.12 | 0.56 ± 0.13 | |
| Peak CP (W/kg) | 0.53 ± 0.14 | 0.56 ± 0.09 | 0.66 ± 0.16 | 0.35 ± 0.09 | 0.34 ± 0.09 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.44 ± 0.18 | |
| Peak EP (W/kg) | −0.35 ± 0.10 | −0.36 ± 0.10 | −0.33 ± 0.07 | −0.22 ± 0.04 | −0.24 ± 0.06 | −0.22 ± 0.07 | −0.28 ± 0.10 | −0.29 ± 0.10 | −0.25 ± 0.08 | |
When participants are not gender specific: a significant differences with 0 cm, b significant differences with 1.5 cm, c significant differences with 3 cm (A, angle; M, moment; CP, concentric power; EP, eccentric power). The joint angle and joint moment data were obtained from OpenSim, and the joint power data were processed using the joint angle and joint moment data.