Fig 5. ATP production is enhanced in dual- and triple-species cultures.

ATP production measured by luminescence (relative light units, RLU), of H. influenzae 86-028NP (86), S. pneumoniae 11 and M. catarrhalis QC following 2 h of incubation in single-species culture, dual-species culture, and triple species culture at A) pH 8, with and without arginine supplementation, and B) in pH 7, without arginine supplementation. Significant differences were observed between H. influenzae alone (86), in dual-species culture with S. pneumoniae (86+11), and in triple-species culture (Triple). Statistical significance was evaluated with a student’s t-test (** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p≤0.0001).