Skip to main content
. 2022 Jun 28;12(7):466. doi: 10.3390/bios12070466

Table 3.

SERS based on COVID-19 detection and its limitations.

Target of Virus Technique Material Coating Diagnosis of COVID-19 in Clinical on Surfaces Limit of
Detection		 Limitations Ref.
COVID-19 SERS microfluid Au/Ag ✓ ✗ NA
  • ●

    Weak signal relative to background.

  • ●

    Low sensitivity with low protein concentration.

  • ●

    Consumes time to collect sample.

  • ●

    Laser wavelength is unstable.

 [12]
MERS SERS-LSPR Silver nanodot ✓ ✗ 1–106 nM [94]
COVID-19 SERS Gold nanoparticles ✓ ✗ 17.7 pM [95]
COVID-19 SERS-LSPR Silver nanodot ✓ ✗ 153.53, 230.37 pM [96]
COVID-19/spike protein LSPR AuNIs ✓ ✗ 0.22 ± 0.08 pM
  • ●

    Mass transport challenge.

  • ●

    Heterogeneity of surface.

 [97]
COVID-19 RNA Fluorescence Gold ✓ ✗ 1000 TU mL−1
  • ●

    Collection of sample consumes time.

  • ●

    Low sample size.

 [98]
Coronavirus/N-protein SPR NA ✓ ✗ 2.17 nM
  • ●

    Low selectivity.

  • ●

    A small perception depth.

  • ●

    Mass transport challenge.

  • ●

    Heterogeneity of surface.

  • ●

    Misinterpretation of data.

 [99]

✓: Yes; ✗: No.