Figure 3.

Differences (mean ± SD) between men (M) and women (F) in the occurrence of cold-induced vasodilation reactions (CIVD; top bars) and cardiovascular strain during the first minute of cold-water immersion (bottom bars) across cool (blue bars), thermoneutral (yellow bars), and hot (orange bars) environments. Cardiovascular strain during the first minute of cold-water immersion was expressed as the delta difference from the last minute of warm-water immersion and the first minute of cold-water immersion.