Table 1.

Advantages and limits of the main preclinical lung cancer models.

Technologies		Advantages	Limits	References
In vitro	Cancer cell lines	Pure population of tumor cells Replicative ability Large diversity of genomic backgrounds	-Clonal cells poorly reflect the patients’ primary tissue -Genomic instability -Absence of stromal, endothelial, and immune cells	[17,18,19,20]
In vivo	PDXs	Closer to patients’ primary tissues	-Genetic heterogeneity and epigenomic instability -Lack of TME components -Immunodeficiency -Variable implantation, instability	[17,22,23,24,25]
	Syngeneic models	Functional immune system	-Poor clinical prediction -Tedious process	[27]
	GEMMs	Functional immune system Inducible model	-Long process -Low malignancy potential because of the long latency period	[17,28,29]