Figure 4.

NTG reduced ATP production in low glucose by inhibiting AMPK activity. (A) Seahorse was used to detect oxygen consumption rate (OCR). A total of 5 × 10⁴ astrocytes were seeded in a well of 24-well plate used in XFe24 Seahorse analyzer. n = 5. Basal OCR and OCR for ATP production and proton leak were calculated with the instruction of Seahorse. (B) Proteins of mitochondrial complexes underwent no significant change after the treatment of NTG, neither in high-glucose nor in low-glucose conditions. (C) Protein level of pAMPK reduced significantly in the low-glucose and NTG group. NTG 2 μg/mL, treated for 4 h. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CS, citrate synthase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2; MDH2, malate dehydrogenase 2. Compared with control, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.