Table 1.
Research Characteristics of rTMS.
| Study | Participant | Mean Severity (SD) | Intervention | Control | Outcomes | Muscle | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | |||||||
| Mean Age (SD) |
N (Male/Female) |
Mean Age (SD) |
N (Male/Female) |
MAS | ||||||
| Askı et al. (2017) | 56.75 (11.46) | 20 (14/6) | 58.80 (12.02) | 20 (15/5) | 3.2 (0.75) | 2.8 (0.75) | LF-rTMS + PT 1200 pulses, 1 Hz, 90% RMT |
Sham rTMS + PT | MAS | upper limb |
| Barros Galvao et al. (2014) | 57.4 (12.0) | 10 (6/4) | 64.6 (6.8) | 10 (7/3) | 2.5 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.5) | LF-rTMS + PT 1500 pulses, 1 Hz; 90% RMT |
Sham rTMS +PT | MAS | wrist |
| Chen et al. (2019) | 52.9 (11.1) | 11 (7/4) | 52.6 (8.3) | 11 (7/4) | 3.90 (2.10) | 4.05 (1.56) | iTBS 50 Hz 80% AMT |
Sham iTBS | MAS | upper limb |
| Chen et al. (2021) | 54.36 (10.56) | 12 (8/4) | 48.95 (9.63) | 11 (10/1) | 0.87 (0.54) | 0.94 (0.69) | iTBS + VCT 50 Hz 80% AMT |
Sham iTBS + VCT | MAS | upper limb |
| Chervyakov et al. (2018a) | 54.2 (11.1) | 11 (5/6) | 61.4 (11.4) | 10 (5/5) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.4 (1.0) | LF-rTMS 1200 pulses, 1 Hz, 100% RMT |
Sham rTMS | MAS | arm |
| Chervyakov et al. (2018b) | 58.6 (10.4) | 13 (10/3) | 61.4 (11.4) | 10 (5/5) | 1.84 (0.8) | 1.4 (1.0) | HF-rTMS 200 pulses, 10-Hz, 80% RMT |
Sham rTMS | MAS | arm |
| Chervyakov et al. (2018c) | 60.7 (9.6) | 8 (6/2) | 61.4 (11.4) | 10 (5/5) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.4 (1.0) | LF-rTMS 1 Hz 100% RMT HF-rTMS 10 Hz 80% RMT |
Sham rTMS | MAS | arm |
| Gottlieb et al. (2021)] | 63.93 (10.91) | 14 (9/5) | 62.43 (11.46) | 14 (3/11) | 1.86 (1.35) | 1.71 (1.27) | LF-rTMS 1200 pulses, 1 Hz |
Sham-rTMS | MAS | upper limb |
| Kuzu et al. (2021a) | 56.3 (11.5) | 7 (4/3) | 65.0 (4.6) | 6 (2/4) | 1.8 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.6) | LF-rTMS 1200 pulses, 1 Hz |
Sham rTMS | MAS | upper limb |
| Kuzu et al. (2021b) | 61.3 (9.8) | 7 (6/1) | 65.0 (4.6) | 6 (2/4) | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.6) | cTBS 50 Hz |
Sham cTBS | MAS | upper limb |
| Xu et al. (2021) | 79.50 (1.49) | 22 (17/5) | 68.86 (3.09) | 22 (15/7) | 2.32 (0.48) | 2.41 (0.50) | LF-rTMS + CRT 550 pulses, 1 Hz 90% RMT |
Sham rTMS + CRT | MAS | upper limb |
HF-rTMS: high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; LF-rTMS: low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; cTBS: continuous theta-burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; iTBS: intermittent theta-burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; AMT: active motor threshold; RMT: resting motor threshold; MAS: modified Ashworth scale; PT: physical therapy; VCT: virtual reality-based cycling training; CRT: conventional rehabilitation treatment.