Figure 5.

One-carbon metabolism (OCM)-associated pathways in nutrition and epigenetics: Many OCM compounds are nutritional supplements (green) such as B vitamins; Riboflavin (B2), Pyridoxine (B6), Folate (B9), or Cobalamin (B12). 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-mTHF) or methionine and betaine are another currently introduced nutritional supplements. OCM pathways produce molecules for epigenetic modifications [239], antioxidant production [240], and building compounds of nucleic acids, amino acids, or phospholipids (orange) [241], which are all together influencing in utero fetal development (purple). Abbreviations: 5,10-mTHF, 5,10-methenyl-tetrahydrofolate; 10-fTHF, 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate; BHMT, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase; CBS, cystathionine β-synthase; DHF, dihydrofolate; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; DMG, dimethylglycine; DNMTs, de novo and maintenance DNA methyltransferases; dTMP, deoxythymidine monophosphate; dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate; FA, fatty acids; GSH, reduced glutathione; MTHFR, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; SAHH, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SHMT, serine hydroxymethyltransferase; THF, tetrahydrofolate; VLDL, very-low density lipoprotein. The image was created with BioRender.com.