Ab1	Monoclonal anti-CEA antibody
AChE	Acetylcholinesterase
AFBPB	4-amino-1-(4-formyl-benzyl) pyridinium bromide
AgNPs	Silver nanoparticles
AgNRs	Silver nanorods
AMF	Alternating magnetic field
anti-ASGPR	Anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor
anti-CEA	Anti-Carcinoembryonic antigen
Apo A1	Apolipoprotein A1
Apt	Aptamer
ATCl	Acetylthiocholine chloride
AuNPs	Gold nanoparticles
Au-PCB	Gold printed circuit board
BC	Bacterial cellulose
BMSCs	Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
CA	Chronoamperometry
cDNA	Complementary DNA
CGDSTC NSs	Chlorin e6/GOx/Dopamine/Sodium ascorbate/Ti3C2Tx nanosheets
Chi	Chitosan
ChOx	Cholesterol Oxidase
CNC	Cellulose nanocrystal
CNTs	Carbon nanotubes
CP	Compound polysaccharide
CPO	Chloroperoxidase
Cre	Creatinine
CSH	Collagen/Silk/Hydroxyapatite
CuP	Copper-organophosphate
CV	Cyclic Voltammetry
CVD	Chemical Vapor Deposition
DA	Dopamine
DIDμE	Dual interdigitated microelectrode
DMM	Digital multimeter
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DPV	Differential Pulse Voltammetry
EIS	Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
EMG	Electromyography
FA	Folic acid
Fc	Ferrocene
FePcQDs	Phthalocyanine quantum dots
FRET	Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
GA	Glutaraldehyde
GCE	Glassy carbon electrode
GCPE	Graphite Carbon Paste Electrode
GDH	Glutamate dehydrogenase
GO	Graphene oxide
GONR	Graphene oxide nanoribbon
GSH	Glutathione
H&E	Hematoxylin and eosin
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
Hb	Hemoglobin
HF	Hydrofluoric acid
HGF	Hepatic growth factor
HP1	Hairpin DNA
HRP	Horseradish peroxidase
HT	Hexane thiol
IC	Ion chromatography
LOD	Limit of detection
MB	Methylene blue
miRNA-21	micro-Ribonucleic acid-21
miRNA-10b	micro-Ribonucleic acid-10b
miRNA-141	micro-Ribonucleic acid-141
miRNA-155	micro-Ribonucleic acid-155
MQDs	MXene quantum dots
MUC1	Mucin 1
MWCNT	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
MXNSs	2D MXene-Ti3C2Tx nanosheets
NAD	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NIR	Near Infrared
NMP22	Nuclear Matrix Protein22
NSE	Neuron specific enolase
NWF	Non-woven fabric
OPN	Osteo5pontin
P(DPA)	Poly (di picolinic acid)
PAYR	Poly alizarine yellow R
PB	Prussian blue
Pd	Palladium
PDA	Polydopamine
PDLCs	Periodontal ligament cells
PDMS	Polydimethylsiloxane
PEC	Photoelectrochemical
PEDOT	Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PEPLD	Plasma-enhanced pulsed laser deposition
PHA	Poly hydroxy alkanoate
PLLA	Poly (L-lactic acid)
PMo12	Phosphomolybdic acid
POC	Point-of-care
PPy	Polypyrrole
PSA	Prostate specific antigen
PtNPs	Platinum nanoparticles
PU	Polyurethane
PVA	Polyvinyl alcohol
PVDF	Polyvinylidene fluoride
QDs	Quantum dots
rGO	Reduced graphene oxide
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
Ru	Ruthenium
SED	Soft electronic devices
SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
SOx	Sarcosine oxidase
SPA	Staphylococcal protein A
SPE	Screen printed electrode
SPEEK	Sulfonated PEEK substrates
SPGE	Screen-printed gold electrode
SPR	Surface plasmon resonance
ssDNAs	Single stranded DNAs
SWV	Square wave voltammetry
TBA	Tetrabutylammonium
TGA	Thio glycolic acid
TPU	Thermoplastic polyurethane
TPZ	Tirapazamine
TrFE	Trifluoro ethylene
TUNEL	Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
Tyr	Tyrosine
UA	Uric acid
UHAPNWs	Ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires
VEGF165	Vascular endothelial growth factor 165
β-HBD	β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase