Table 1.

Literature reports of MXenes for drug delivery applications.

MXene-Based Drug Carrier	Stimuli for Drug Release	Drug	Advantages	Ref.
Ti3C2Tx-SP	pH, NIR	Doxorubicin	High drug-loading capability of 211.8%.	[47]
Ti3C2Tx-CoNWs	pH, NIR	Doxorubicin	High drug-loading capacity of 225.05%.	[49]
Ti3C2Tx@GNRs/PDA/Ti3C2Tx	NIR	Doxorubicin	95.88% drug-loading ability.	[50]
Ti3C2Tx/Polyacrylamide	pH	Chloramphenicol	Ti3C2Tx/Polyacrylamide hydrogels exhibited a high drug-loading of 97.5–127.7 mg/g and drug release percentages of 62.1–81.4%.	[53]
HAP/CS/HA/MXene/AuNRs	pH, NIR	Doxorubicin	Drug encapsulation efficiency of 83.9%	[54]
Polymer-coated MXene nanobelt fibers	NIR	Vitamin E	NIR-induced relaxation of the interface by the polymeric coating layer to dissolve and release Vitamin E.	[56]
Ti3C2Tx@Agarose hydrogel	NIR	Doxorubicin	The DOX-loaded MXene-hydrogel exhibited rapid DOX release under NIR the irradiation, while almost no DOX release when NIR was turned off, proving an NIR switch for controlled drug release.	[57]
MXene@Agarose	NIR	HGF	Flexible and controllable release of the protein drugs with high precision.	[58]
MXenes-FA-SP	pH	Doxorubicin	Drug-loading capacity of 69.9% and 48 h long drug release time.	[59]
Ti3C2Tx@Met@CP	pH, NIR	Metformin	The functionalized Ti3C2Tx nanosheets in the composite exhibited effective singlet oxygen generation, strong NIR absorption, and high photothermal conversion efficiency of ~59.6%.	[60]
Ti2N@oSi	NIR	Doxorubicin	Ultrahigh drug-loading capacity of 796.3%.	[61]
MXene@MOF-5@DOX	pH	Doxorubicin/pCRISPR	Achieved a drug payload of 35.7%.	[62]

Note: The Ti₃C₂Tx MXene, also referred to as Ti₃C₂ or Ti₃C₂Tz is unified by the term Ti₃C₂Tx in the main text to avoid confusion.