Table 2.
Groups demographics and cognitive performance.
| TBI-/CDR ≥ 0.5 | TBI-/CDR = 0 | TBI+/CDR ≥ 0.5 | TBI+/CDR = 0 | TBI-/CDR ≥ 0.5 vs. TBI-/CDR = 0 | TBI-/CDR ≥ 0.5 vs. TBI+/CDR ≥ 0.5 | TBI-/CDR = 0 vs. TBI+/CDR = 0 | TBI+/CDR ≥ 0.5 vs. TBI+/CDR = 0 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| number of participants | N = 50 | N = 50 | N = 10 | N = 10 | ||||
| Gender: | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.065 | ||||
| Female | 24 (48.0%) | 25 (50.0%) | 0 (0.00%) | 5 (50.0%) | ||||
| Male | 26 (52.0%) | 25 (50.0%) | 10 (100%) | 5 (50.0%) | ||||
| APOE4 Status: | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Negative | 30 (60.0%) | 32 (64.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | 7 (70.0%) | ||||
| Positive | 20 (40.0%) | 18 (36.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | 3 (30.0%) | ||||
| Age | 75.1 (7.82) | 76.8 (6.30) | 76.6 (7.63) | 75.4 (7.31) | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.982 |
| TBI Type: | . | . | . | 0.65 | ||||
| Concussion | 7 (70.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | ||||||
| Head Injury | 3 (30.0%) | 5 (50.0%) | ||||||
| TBI Source: | . | . | . | 1 | ||||
| Accident | 1 (20.0%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||||||
| Fall | 2 (40.0%) | 2 (100%) | ||||||
| Football | 1 (20.0%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||||||
| MVA | 1 (20.0%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||||||
| ADAS Total | 10.2 (3.96) | 8.74 (3.68) | 13.5 (4.01) | 8.07 (2.01) | 0.217 | 0.05 * | 0.95 | 0.007 ** |
| ADAS-Cog | 16.0 (6.48) | 12.7 (5.89) | 20.1 (6.34) | 11.9 (3.32) | 0.037 | 0.2 | 0.98 | 0.01 ** |
| MOCA | 23.9 (3.49) | 25.8 (2.92) | 21.5 (4.20) | 26.7 (1.58) | 0.022 | 0.15 | 0.87 | 0.004 ** |
| MMSE | 28.2 (2.06) | 28.9 (1.47) | 26.4 (3.03) | 28.6 (0.97) | 0.182 | 0.03 * | 0.96 | 0.047 * |
| GD Total | 1.84 (2.16) | 0.84 (0.96) | 2.50 (2.12) | 0.78 (0.83) | 0.017 | 0.66 | 1 | 0.12 |
| CDR Memory | 0.53 (0.12) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.65 (0.58) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0 | 0.25 | 0.84 | <0.001 *** |
| CDR GLOBAL | 0.50 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.50 (0.33) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0 | 1 | 1 | <0.001 *** |
| Every Day Cognitive Assessment | ||||||||
| Memory | 2.35 (0.72) | 1.62 (0.50) | 2.20 (0.72) | 1.71 (0.57) | <0.001 | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.33 |
| Language | 2.02 (0.70) | 1.45 (0.41) | 1.91 (0.71) | 1.32 (0.31) | <0.001 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.12 |
| Visual spatial | 1.49 (0.59) | 1.11 (0.20) | 1.50 (0.56) | 1.06 (0.12) | <0.001 | 1 | 0.99 | 0.13 |
| Planning | 1.57 (0.63) | 1.12 (0.26) | 1.54 (0.57) | 1.11 (0.23) | <0.001 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.21 |
| Organization | 1.75 (0.79) | 1.15 (0.24) | 1.58 (0.50) | 1.24 (0.52) | <0.001 | 0.84 | 0.97 | 0.56 |
| Divided Attention | 2.19 (0.86) | 1.45 (0.56) | 1.82 (0.75) | 1.25 (0.25) | <0.001 | 0.44 | 0.87 | 0.29 |
| Total | 1.90 (0.58) | 1.32 (0.26) | 1.76 (0.49) | 1.28 (0.28) | <0.001 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.09 |
| FAQ Total | 2.52 (3.80) | 0.14 (0.50) | 5.90 (5.99) | 0.25 (0.46) | 0.001 | 0.009 ** | 1 | 0.001 *** |
| Clock drawing tests | 4.52 (1.01) | 4.78 (0.51) | 4.30 (1.06) | 4.60 (0.70) | 0.394 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.84 |
| Clock copy test | 4.86 (0.50) | 4.82 (0.48) | 4.70 (0.67) | 4.50 (1.58) | 0.992 | 0.90 | 0.50 | 0.91 |
| Logic memory—Story | 11.3 (4.74) | 15.2 (3.81) | 10.1 (4.04) | 15.3 (2.54) | <0.001 | 0.83 | 1 | 0.03 |
| Logic memory- Delayed Recall | 9.40 (4.88) | 14.0 (3.37) | 6.80 (3.94) | 15.1 (3.51) | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.88 | <0.001 *** |
| Category Fluency Test | 18.4 (5.19) | 21.7 (4.56) | 15.6 (5.08) | 20.2 (4.37) | 0.005 | 0.36 | 0.80 | 0.16 |
| Trail Making Test | ||||||||
| Part A—Time to Complete (sec) | 39.1 (25.3) | 31.0 (8.16) | 40.1 (12.1) | 31.1 (9.48) | 0.113 | 1 | 1 | 0.69 |
| Part A—Errors of Commission | 0.12 (0.39) | 0.12 (0.39) | 0.11 (0.33) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1 | 1 | 0.77 | 0.91 |
| Part A—Errors of Omission | 0.26 (1.84) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.707 | 0.93 | 1 | 1 |
| Part B—Time to Complete (sec) | 103 (66.7) | 68.6 (27.8) | 155 (90.0) | 74.4 (27.4) | 0.011 | 0.04 * | 0.99 | 0.008 ** |
| Part B—Errors of Commission | 0.69 (1.06) | 0.37 (0.64) | 1.89 (1.76) | 0.20 (0.42) | 0.32 | 0.004 ** | 0.96 | 0.001 ** |
| Part B—Errors of Omission | 0.35 (1.55) | 0.02 (0.14) | 1.40 (2.32) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.536 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.05 * |
| Trail Making Test | ||||||||
| Forgetting | 3.47 (5.75) | 3.88 (2.85) | 5.33 (2.50) | 4.29 (3.45) | 0.975 | 0.76 | 1 | 0.97 |
| Immediate | 36.6 (11.0) | 44.6 (10.5) | 28.2 (6.59) | 48.6 (7.52) | 0.005 | 0.26 | 0.79 | 0.004 *** |
| Learning | 5.18 (3.41) | 5.81 (2.26) | 2.83 (1.94) | 6.29 (1.80) | 0.737 | 0.22 | 0.97 | 0.11 |
| Percent Forgetting | 41.6 (80.8) | 36.5 (33.4) | 79.0 (23.6) | 36.6 (31.1) | 0.978 | 0.45 | 1 | 0.54 |
| Recognition Score | 11.2 (2.61) | 12.6 (3.12) | 9.40 (4.35) | 13.7 (0.87) | 0.072 | 0.29 | 0.77 | 0.01 ** |
TBI+, participants with self-reported traumatic brain injury; TBI−,participants without self-reported traumatic brain injury; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; TBI+/CDR = 0, TBI + participants with CDR = 0; TBI−/CDR = 0, TBI− participants with CDR = 0; TBI+/CDR ≥ 0.5,TBI + participants with CDR ≥ 0.5; TBI−/CDR ≥ 0.5, TBI− participants with CDR ≥ 0.5; ADAS, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale; Ecog, Every Day Cognitive; FAQ, Functional Assessment Questionnaire; GD Total, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Exam; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment. *, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01; ***, p ≤ 0.001.