Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of AHF patients.
| Alive (n = 197) |
Deceased (n = 118) |
All (n = 315) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 72.5 (10.4) | 77.0 (10.1) | 74.2 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Sex, Female | 85 (43.1%) | 51 (43.2%) | 136 (43.2%) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 186 (94.4%) | 108 (91.5%) | 294 (93.3%) | 0.355 |
| T1DM | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 4 (1.3%) | 0.632 |
| T2DM | 76 (38.6%) | 56 (47.5%) | 132 (41.9%) | 0.127 |
| CAD | 100 (50.8%) | 56 (47.5%) | 156 (49.5%) | 0.642 |
| CMP | 173 (87.8%) | 115 (97.5%) | 288 (91.4%) | 0.003 |
| AF | 98 (49.7%) | 72 (61.0%) | 170 (54.0%) | 0.062 |
| CKD | 72 (36.5%) | 71 (60.2%) | 143 (45.4%) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 45 (22.8%) | 39 (33.1%) | 84 (26.7%) | 0.050 |
| MetS | 130 (66.0%) | 87 (73.7%) | 217 (68.9%) | 0.168 |
| AHF type | 0.003 | |||
| New onset AHF | 24 (12.2%) | 3 (2.5)% | 27 (8.6%) | |
| AHF following CHF | 173 (87.8%) | 115 (97.5%) | 288 (91.4%) | |
| Physical examination at admission | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (17.0–46.7) | 29.1 (18.4–65.3) | 28.0 (17.0–65.3) | 0.067 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 108.1 (24.2) | 96.0 (19.5) | 103.6 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 103.8 (25.8) | 95.3 (27.5) | 100.6 (26.7) | 0.006 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 29.3 (6.9) | 28.8 (6.0) | 29.1 (6.5) | 0.474 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Symptom duration (days) | 5.0 (1.0–5.0) | 5.0 (1.0–5.0) | 5.0 (1.0–5.0) | 0.022 |
| Rales or crackles | 193 (98.0%) | 118 (100.0%) | 311 (98.7%) | 0.301 |
| Dyspnoea | 196 (99.5%) | 118 (100%) | 314 (99.7%) | 1.000 |
| Orthopnoea | 184 (93.4%) | 115 (97.5%) | 299 (94.9%) | 0.183 |
| JVD | 97 (49.2%) | 77 (65.3%) | 174 (55.2%) | 0.007 |
| Enlarged liver | 95 (48.2%) | 81 (68.6%) | 176 (55.9%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral edema | 114 (57.9%) | 90 (76.3%) | 204 (64.8%) | <0.001 |
| Ascites | 20 (10.2%) | 29 (24.6%) | 49 (15.6%) | 0.001 |
| NYHA class | 0.305 | |||
| 3 | 13 (6.6%) | 4 (3.4%) | 17 (5.4%) | |
| 4 | 184 (93.4%) | 114 (96.6%) | 298 (94.6%) | |
| AHF presentation | 0.030 | |||
| Worsening of CHF | 118 (59.9%) | 90 (76.3%) | 208 (66.0%) | |
| Hypertensive AHF | 27 (13.7%) | 7 (5.9%) | 34 (10.8%) | |
| Isolated right-sided HF | 3 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.0%) | |
| ACS and AHF | 30 (15.2%) | 13 (11.0%) | 43 (13.7%) | |
| Pulmonary edema | 15 (7.6%) | 8 (6.8%) | 23 (7.3%) | |
| Cardiogenic shock | 4 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.3%) | |
| AHF class | 0.575 | |||
| HFrEF, EF < 40% | 88 (44.9%) | 55 (51.4%) | 143 (47.2%) | |
| HFmrEF, EF 41–49% | 55 (28.1%) | 26 (24.3%) | 81 (26.7%) | |
| HFpEF, EF ≥ 50% | 53 (27.3) | 26 (24.3%) | 79 (26.1%) | |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEDd/BSA (mm/m2) | 29.1 (4.9) | 28.5 (5.2) | 28.8 (5.0) | 0.346 |
| IVS (mm) | 12.7 (2.1) | 13.3 (2.4) | 12.9 (2.2) | 0.038 |
| PW (mm) | 12.5 (1.9) | 13.1 (1.8) | 12.7 (1.9) | 0.016 |
| LVEF (%) | 40.1 (11.9) | 39.1 (12.6) | 39.8 (12.1) | 0.455 |
| SPAP (mmHg) | 47.0 (30.0–90.0) | 50.0 (30.0–102.0) | 50.0 (30.0–102.0) | 0.005 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean and standard deviation, or as median and minimum to maximum. Differences between AHF patients who survived and those who died within 1 year after study inclusion were tested with the t or Mann–Whitney U test or Fisher’s exact test. p-values < 0.05 are considered significant and are depicted in bold. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AF, atrial fibrillation; AHF, acute heart failure; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CMP, cardiomyopathy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; IVS, interventricular septum thickness; JVD, jugular vein distension; LVEDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PW, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NYHA, New York Heart Association Functional Classification; SPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; T1DM, diabetes mellitus Type 1; T2DM, diabetes mellitus Type 2.