Table 1.
Effects of fibrinogen/fibrin, fibrinogen chains, and fibrinogen-like proteins 1 and 2 during various diseases.
| Protein/Chain | Disease | Protein Level or Condition | Role in Pathology and/or Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fg | Colon cancer | ↑ | Biomarker. Low survival. | [4] |
| Fg | Gastric cancer | ↑ | Biomarker. ↑ lymph node and liver metastasis, ↓ clinical outcome. | [73] |
| Fg | Cervical cancer | ↑ | Biomarker. Low survival. | [74] |
| Fg | Renal cell carcinoma | ↑ | Biomarker. Low survival. | [75] |
| Fg | Hepatocellular carcinoma | ↑ | Biomarker. Low survival. | [76] |
| Fg and D-dimer | Breast cancer | ↑, ↑ | Biomarker. Accelerated tumor growth and low survival. | [81] |
| Fg and D-dimer | DIC | ↓, ↑ | Biomarker. Low survival. | [57] |
| Fg | RA | ↑ | Biomarker. Hypercoagulation and inflammation. | [6] |
| Fg | SLE | ↑ | Biomarker. ↑ Atherothrombosis. | [7] |
| Fg | TBI | ↑ | ↑ cerebrovascular permeability. | [11,96] |
| Fg | TBI | ↑ | Extravascular deposition of Fg, ↑ neuronal death, ↓ STM. |
[98] |
| Fg | TBI | ↑ | ↑ extravascular formation of Fg/fibrin containing protein complexes. | [9,11,96] |
| Fg | AD | ↑ | ↑ perivascular formation of Fg/fibrin containing protein complexes | [131] |
| Fg | AD | ↑ | ↑ risk of AD and dementia | [8,132] |
| Fg | COPD | ↑ | Biomarker. ↑ risk of death. | [65] |
| FGA precursor protein | AD | ↑ in CSF | Biomarker. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia. | [66] |
| FGA precursor protein | Liver cancer | ↑ in CSF | Biomarker. ↑ survival rate. | [78] |
| FGA | Human lung adenocarcinoma | ↑ | Cell apoptosis, inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. | [79] |
| FGB | Polymorphism of FGB promoter | ↑ | ↑ plasma Fg. ↑ risk of atherothrombosis. | [43,60] |
| FGB | In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting | FGB-C148T polymorphism | Results in preoperative HFg and postoperative ↑ CRP, ↑ IL-6. | [61] |
| FGG | Hereditary hypofibrinogenemia with hepatic storage | Mutation location in exons 8 and 9 of the FGG gene | Protein aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum, liver diseases of variable severity. | [49] |
| FGL1 | Acute inflammation | ↑ | Acute phase reactant | [38,39] |
| FGL1 | Cancer (in general) | ↑ | Immunosuppressor through binding to LAG3. Poor prognosis. | [118] |
| FGL2 | HBV orHCV | ↑ | Correlates with viral loading, degree of liver inflammation and disease severity. | [40,87] |
| FGL2 | HBV orHCV | ↑ | Immunosuppressive activities | [120] |
| FGL2 | Autoimmune glomerulonephritis | ↓ | Autoimmune glomerulonephritis with age | [121] |
| FpB | Inflammation | ↑ | ↑ chemotaxis of PMN and fibroblast. | [83] |