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The permeability coefficient determined the membrane without biofilm (control) and the membrane with the biofilm cultured on air–liquid interfaces (ALI) and liquid–liquid interfaces (LLI) under 48 h static and dynamic conditions using the Flu‐Na paracellular permeability marker (N = 4, mean ± SD). The significant difference is shown for the indicated comparison (*p < 0.05; ****p < 0.0001; ns, no statistical significance)
