FIGURE 5.

Quantification of serum bile acids (BAs) using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. A, Total, primary, and secondary BA concentrations before and 6 months after surgery. B, Relative fold changes in BA concentrations 6 months after surgery compared with before surgery. A fold change > 1 indicates that the BA is increased after surgery (C _after/C _before), and fold changes from the metabolite decreased after surgery are represented as –C _before/C _after. Statistical significance levels were determined by the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. *, and ** indicate P < .05, and P < .01, respectively. CA, cholic acid; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; DCA, deoxycholic acid; GCA, glycocholic acid; GCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid; GDCA, glycodeoxycholic acid; GLCA, glycolithocholic acid; GUDCA, glycoursodeoxycholic acid; LCA, lithocholic acid; TCA, taurocholic acid; TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TDCA, taurodeoxycholic acid; TLCA, taurolithocholic acid; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid