Table 4.

The roles of exosomal proteins in cancers.

Cancer type	Exosomal proteins	Functions of exosomal proteins	References
BC	L-plastin	Promote osteolysis	[116]
CRC	CD147	Diagnosis and prognosis	[117]
	IRF-2	Remodel the lymphatic network	[118]
GBM	IL-6, IL-8, and angiogenin	Diagnosis and prognosis	[119]
	EGFR, EGFRvIII, and TGF-β	Diagnosis	[120]
	EGFR, EGFRvIII, PDPN, and IDH1 R132H	Diagnosis and prognosis	[121]
	VEGF-A	Diagnosis	[122]
	CD97	Promote metastasis	[123]
	HMGB1	Diagnosis	[124]
Glioma	IL13QD	Diagnosis and prognosis	[125]
Lung cancer	IQGAP, MUC5B, BPIFA1, and CRNN	Diagnosis	[126]
	LRG1	Diagnosis	[127]
Melanoma	HSP70, HSP90, TYRP2, VLA-4, and MET	Diagnosis and prognosis	[128]
	CD63 and Caveolin-1	Diagnosis	[129]
	MHC-I/peptide complexes	Diagnosis	[130]
	Podoplanin	Diagnosis	[131]
	TYRP2, VLA-4, HSP70, and HSP90	Diagnosis and prognosis	[128]
Myeloma	HSP70	Diagnosis	[132]
NSCLC	Amphiregulin	Promote osteoclastogenesis and metastasis	[133]
Ovarian cancer	HNRHPU, U2AF2 TGM2, and U2AF1	Diagnosis	[134]
	EpCAM and CD24	Diagnosis	[135]
PaCa	Glypican-1	Diagnosis	[136]
PC	PDCD6IP, FASN, XPO1, and ENO1	Diagnosis	[137]
	αvβ6 integrin	Regulate monocyte M2 polarization	[138]
PDAC	MIF	Promote fibronectin secretion and metastasis	[139]
	CD151 and TSPAN8	Promote EMT gene expression	[140]

BC, breast cancer; CRC, colorectal cancer; GBM, glioblastoma; GC, gastric cancer; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; PaCa, pancreatic cancer; PC, prostate cancer; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.