Table 3.

Mean values (±standard deviations) and descriptive between-group differences for self-perceived warmth (Herdecke Warmth Perception Questionnaire, HWPQ).

Outcome	Time	Mean ± SD			Mean difference (95% CI); ES
		WA	MU	GI	ΔWA vs. MU	ΔWA vs. GI	ΔMU vs. GI
Posterior trunk	t0	2.50 ± 0.71	2.39 ± 0.70	2.28 ± 0.96	0.11 (−0.36; 0.59); 0.16	0.22 (−0.35; 0.79); 0.26	0.11 (−0.46; 0.68); 0.13
	t1	2.11 ± 0.96	3.33 ± 0.77	3.56 ± 0.62	−1.22 (−1.81;−0.63); 1.40	−1.44 (−2.00;−0.89); 1.79	−0.22 (−0.69; 0.25); 0.32
	t2	2.33 ± 0.84	2.72 ± 0.67	2.94 ± 0.80	−0.39 (−0.90; 0.13); 0.51	−0.61 (−1.17;−0.05); 0.74	−0.22 (−0.72; 0.28); 0.30
Anterior trunk	t0	2.56 ± 0.52	2.42 ± 0.47	2.42 ± 0.59	0.14 (−0.20; 0.47); 0.28	0.14 (−0.24; 0.51); 0.25	0.00 (−0.36; 0.36); 0.00
	t1	2.33 ± 0.45	2.61 ± 0.49	2.69 ± 0.50	−0.28 (−0.60; 0.04); 0.59	−0.36 (−0.69;−0.04); 0.75	−0.08 (−0.42; 0.25); 0.17
	t2	2.43 ± 0.37	2.67 ± 0.40	2.72 ± 0.54	−0.24 (−0.50; 0.03); 0.61	−0.29 (−0.61; 0.02); 0.63	−0.06 (−0.38; 0.27); 0.12
Face	t0	2.58 ± 0.69	2.67 ± 0.59	2.50 ± 0.54	−0.08 (−0.52; 0.35); 0.13	0.08 (−0.34; 0.51); 0.13	0.17 (−0.22; 0.55); 0.29
	t1	2.64 ± 0.76	2.58 ± 0.62	2.69 ± 0.57	0.06 (−0.42; 0.53); 0.08	−0.06 (−0.51; 0.40); 0.08	−0.11 (−0.52; 0.29); 0.19
	t2	2.47 ± 0.79	2.81 ± 0.62	2.86 ± 0.41	−0.33 (−0.82; 0.15); 0.47	−0.39 (−0.82; 0.05); 0.61	−0.06 (−0.42; 0.30); 0.11
Hands	t0	2.75 ± 0.43	2.61 ± 0.61	2.69 ± 0.75	0.14 (−0.22; 0.50); 0.26	0.06 (−0.36; 0.47); 0.09	−0.08 (−0.55; 0.38); 0.12
	t1	2.50 ± 0.62	2.28 ± 0.75	2.69 ± 0.82	0.22 (−0.24; 0.69); 0.32	−0.19 (−0.69; 0.30); 0.27	−0.42 (−0.95; 0.12); 0.53
	t2	2.36 ± 0.78	2.28 ± 0.69	2.75 ± 0.73	0.08 (−0.42; 0.58); 0.11	−0.39 (−0.90; 0.12); 0.51	−0.47 (−0.95; 0.01); 0.66
Feet	t0	2.31 ± 0.82	1.83 ± 0.79	2.06 ± 1.01	0.47 (−0.07; 1.02); 0.59	0.25 (−0.38; 0.88); 0.27	−0.22 (−0.84; 0.39); 0.25
	t1	1.72 ± 0.97	1.67 ± 0.80	1.83 ± 0.94	0.06 (−0.55; 0.66); 0.06	−0.11 (−0.76; 0.54); 0.12	−0.17 (−0.76; 0.43); 0.19
	t2	1.42 ± 0.65	1.22 ± 0.73	1.56 ± 0.94	0.19 (−0.27; 0.66); 0.28	−0.14 (−0.69; 0.41); 0.17	−0.33 (−0.90; 0.24); 0.40
Overall warmth	t0	2.67 ± 0.69	2.67 ± 0.49	2.44 ± 0.51	0.00 (−0.40; 0.40); 0.00	0.22 (−0.19; 0.63); 0.37	0.22 (−0.12; 0.56); 0.45
	t1	2.39 ± 0.85	2.89 ± 0.32	2.83 ± 0.62	−0.50 (−0.94;−0.06); 0.78	−0.44 (−0.95; 0.06); 0.60	0.06 (−0.28; 0.39); 0.11
	t2	2.33 ± 0.91	2.72 ± 0.46	2.56 ± 0.62	−0.39 (−0.88; 0.10); 0.54	−0.22 (−0.75; 0.31); 0.29	0.17 (−0.20; 0.54); 0.31

WA, chest compress with warm water only, GI: chest compress with ginger; MU, chest compress with mustard; t0, baseline; t1, postintervention; t2, follow-up; CI, confidence intervals; ES, Cohen's d. HWPQ scores range from 0 = cold to 4 = hot. Bold indicates CI that do not contain zero.