Table 4.
Descriptive within-group changes from baseline (t0) to postintervention (t1) and from baseline to follow-up (t2) for self-perceived warmth (Herdecke Warmth Perception Questionnaire, HWPQ).
| Outcome | Δt1 − t0 | Δt2 − t0 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD | Diff | CI | ES | Diff | CI | ES | |
| Posterior trunk | WA | −0.39 | (−0.96; 0.18) | 0.46 | −0.17 | (−0.52; 0.18) | 0.21 |
| MU | 0.94 | (0.45; 1.44) | 1.29 | 0.33 | (−0.08; 0.75) | 0.49 | |
| GI | 1.28 | (0.67; 1.89) | 1.59 | 0.67 | (−0.02; 1.35) | 0.75 | |
|
| |||||||
| Anterior trunk | WA | −0.22 | (−0.57; 0.12) | 0.46 | −0.12 | (−0.41; 0.16) | 0.28 |
| MU | 0.19 | (−0.05; 0.44) | 0.40 | 0.25 | (−0.04; 0.54) | 0.57 | |
| GI | 0.28 | (−0.03; 0.59) | 0.51 | 0.31 | (−0.01; 0.62) | 0.54 | |
|
| |||||||
| Face | WA | 0.06 | (−0.32; 0.44) | 0.08 | −0.11 | (−0.48; 0.26) | 0.15 |
| MU | −0.08 | (−0.43; 0.26) | 0.14 | 0.14 | (−0.13; 0.41) | 0.23 | |
| GI | 0.19 | (−0.09; 0.48) | 0.35 | 0.36 | (0.04; 0.68) | 0.75 | |
|
| |||||||
| Hands | WA | −0.25 | (−0.55; 0.05) | 0.47 | −0.39 | (−0.83; 0.05) | 0.62 |
| MU | −0.33 | (−0.75; 0.08) | 0.49 | −0.33 | (−0.70; 0.03) | 0.51 | |
| GI | 0.00 | (−0.38; 0.38) | 0.00 | 0.06 | (−0.21; 0.32) | 0.07 | |
|
| |||||||
| Feet | WA | −0.58 | (−1.07;−0.10) | 0.65 | −0.89 | (−1.37; −0.41) | 1.20 |
| MU | −0.17 | (−0.53; 0.20) | 0.21 | −0.61 | (−1.03;−0.20) | 0.80 | |
| GI | −0.22 | (−0.71; 0.27) | 0.23 | −0.50 | (−1.18; 0.18) | 0.51 | |
|
| |||||||
| Overall warmth | WA | −0.28 | (−0.81; 0.26) | 0.36 | −0.33 | (−0.92; 0.26) | 0.41 |
| MU | 0.22 | (−0.05; 0.49) | 0.54 | 0.06 | (−0.21; 0.32) | 0.12 | |
| GI | 0.39 | (0.09; 0.69) | 0.69 | 0.11 | (−0.23; 0.45) | 0.20 | |
CD, condition; WA, chest compress with warm water only; GI, chest compress with ginger; MU, chest compress with mustard; Diff, mean difference; CI, confidence intervals; ES, Cohen's d effect size. HWPQ scores range from 0 = cold to 4 = hot. Bold indicates CI that do not contain zero.