Table 2.
Summary of the effects of RS intake in patients with CKD compared with control.
| Outcome | No. of studies | No. of populations (intervention/control) | Test for I2 | Heterogeneity (P) | Analysis model | Overall effect (P) | Mean difference, 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCRa (mmol/L) | 4 | 98/99 | 75% | 0.007 | Random-effects | 0.78 | -28.88 (-101.11, 43.35) |
| HDb | 3 | 64/63 | 77% | 0.01 | Random-effects | 0.69 | -44.94 (-171.99, 82.12) |
| NHDc | 1 | 34/36 | — | — | — | 0.30 | 4.00(-3.49, 11.49) |
| hs-CRPa (mg/dl) | 4 | 84/83 | 1% | 0.39 | Random-effects | 0.31 | -0.05(-0.15, 0.05) |
| IL-6a (pg/mL) | 4 | 84/89 | 88% | <0.00001 | Random-effects | 0.12 | -0.77 (-1.75, 0.21) |
| HDb | 3 | 50/53 | 79% | 0.008 | Random-effects | 0.02 | -1.16 (-2.16, -0.16) |
| NHDc | 1 | 34/36 | — | — | — | 0.21 | 0.30 (-0.17, 0.77) |
| BUNa (mg/dl) | 5 | 118/119 | 0% | 0.64 | Random-effects | 0.44 | -0.60 (-2.12,0.93) |
| HDb | 4 | 84/83 | 0% | 0.97 | Random-effects | 0.10 | -4.94 (-10.81,0.93) |
| NHDc | 1 | 34/36 | — | — | Random-effects | 0.73 | -0.28 (-1.86,1.30) |
| TC (mmol/L)a | 3 | 79/79 | 0% | 0.82 | Random-effects | 0.21 | 0.20 (-0.11, 0.51) |
| HDb | 2 | 45/43 | 0% | 0.86 | Random-effects | 0.19 | -0.29 (-0.14, 0.72) |
| NHDc | 1 | 34/36 | — | — | — | 0.21 | 0.10 (-0.35, 0.55) |
| TG (mmol/L)a | 3 | 79/79 | 0% | 0.86 | Random-effects | 0.70 | 0.05(-0.20,0.29) |
| HDb | 2 | 45/43 | 0% | 0.72 | Random-effects | 0.57 | 0.10 (-0.25,0.46) |
| NHDc | 1 | 34/36 | — | — | — | 1 | 0.00 (-0.33, 0.33) |
| HDL (mmol/L)a | 3 | 79/79 | 0% | 0.68 | Random-effects | 0.16 | 0.06 (-0.03, 0.15) |
| HDb | 2 | 45/43 | 0% | 1 | Random-effects | 0.76 | 0.02 (-0.11, 0.15) |
| NHDc | 1 | 34/36 | — | — | — | 0.1 | 0.10 (-0.02, 0.22) |
aThe total effect. HDb: hemodialysis subgroup; NHDc: nonhemodialysis subgroup; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; SCR: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen.