Figure 4.

sEVs_IL-1 effects on gene expression of major inflammatory genes in synoviocytes kept in control conditions. The figure reports the effects on gene expression of major inflammatory molecules (IL-8, IL-6, and MCP-1) and molecules involved in angiogenesis (VEGF) and pain (COX-2) in synoviocytes grown in both monoculture (grey pattern, left graphs) and co-cultured with chondrocytes (grey dashed pattern, right graphs) in CTR, sEVs, or sEVs_IL-1 conditions. Data were normalized to GAPDH. Each graph reports data collected from 3 independent sEVs samples and expressed as means ± SD. The means of the groups were compared by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test, with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.