Table 2.

Number of patients with positive and negative tags in the training, validation, and test sets in the three artificial neural networks

Dataset	Pain				Anxiety				Quality of life
	Positive	Negative	Total		Positive	Negative	Total		Positive	Negative	Total
Training set	45	71	116		48	64	112		62	61	123
Validation set	16	20	36		16	15	39		17	18	35
Test set	16	28	44		25	20	45		18	28	38
Total set	77	119	196		83	113	196		97	99	196

The changes are calculated as the difference between the highest and lowest scores. Higher values indicate more negative patient experience with the Invisalign treatment. The values are then binarized using predefined thresholds to distinguish between positive and negative samples at the following cutoffs: 3.0 for pain, 6.5 for anxiety, and 7.0 for quality of life. The binarized values are the final prediction targets.