Table 2.
The definition of cephalometric landmarks
| Compartment | Landmark | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skeletal landmark | Cranial base | Nasion (N) | The most anterior point on the frontonasal suture in the midsagittal plane | |
| Sella (S) | Center of the Sella Turcica | |||
| Porion (Por) | The most superior point of the external auditory meatus | |||
| Orbitale (Or) | The most inferior point of the orbital cavity contour | |||
| Basion (Ba) | The most posterior and inferior point of the occipital bone | |||
| Maxilla | Anterior | ANS | The tip of anterior nasal spine | |
| A point | The deepest point between ANS and the upper incisal alveolus | |||
| Posterior | PNS | The most posterior point of the hard palate | ||
| Mandible | Anterior | B point | The deepest point between Pogonion and the lower incisal alveolus | |
| Pogonion (Pog) | The most anterior point on the symphysis | |||
| Posterior | Articulare (Ar) | Intersection between the inferior cranial base surface and the posterior surface of condyle | ||
| Bottom | Menton (Me) | The most inferior point on the symphysis | ||
| Dental landmark | Maxillary dentition | Anterior | Mx1C | Crown tip of the maxillary central incisor |
| Mx1R | Root apex of the maxillary central incisor | |||
| Posterior | Mx6D | Distal contact point of the maxillary first molar | ||
| Mx6R | Distobuccal root apex of the maxillary first molar | |||
| Mandibular dentition | Anterior | Md1C | Crown tip of the mandibular central incisor | |
| Md1R | Root apex of the mandibular central incisor | |||
| Posterior | Md6D | Distal contact point of the mandibular first molar | ||
| Md6R | Distal root apex of the mandibular first molar | |||