TABLE 1.
Klotho insufficiency and related pathologies.
| Organ/system | Disease or lesion | References |
|---|---|---|
| Kidneys | Chronic kidney disease/fibrosis, hyperphosphatemia, ischemic injury, nephrectomy, toxic injury (adriamycin streptozotocin), diabetic nephropathy, calciprotein deposition (aging) | Cheng et al. (2010) |
| Hu et al. (2013), Hu et al. (2016), Hu et al. (2017) | ||
| Kuro-o. (2010); 2012; Kuro-o. (2019), Kuro-o. (2021) | ||
| Maquigussa et al. (2018) | ||
| Oishi et al. (2021) | ||
| Prud’homme et al. 2017a, 2020 | ||
| Saar-Kovrov et al. (2021) | ||
| Takenaka et al. (2017) | ||
| Xing et al. (2021) | ||
| Zou et al., (2018) | ||
| Cardiovascular | Arterial/aortic calcification, Atheroslerosis, Cardiomyopathy, Cardiac hypertrophy, Hypertension, Myocardial ischemic injury/infarct | Chen K, et al. (2021) |
| Freunlich et al. (2021) | ||
| Manrique et al. (2016) | ||
| Myung et al. (2022) | ||
| Martin-Nunez et al. (2022) | ||
| Olejnik et al., 2018, 2020 | ||
| Tyrenkov et al. (2021) | ||
| Wang F and Zheng, (2022) | ||
| Yang et al. (2015) | ||
| Brain | Alzheimer’s disease (β-amyloid and Tau protein pathologies), hippocampal neuronal loss (Klotho promotes regeneration), cognitive deficits, frailty | Dias et al. (2021) |
| Driscoll et al. (2021) | ||
| Cararo-Lopes et al. (2017) | ||
| Fung et al. (2022) | ||
| Hanson et al. (2021) | ||
| Kundu et al. (2022) | ||
| Laszczyk et al. (2017) | ||
| Mytych, (2022) | ||
| Nietzel et al. (2021) | ||
| Sanz et al. (2021) | ||
| Cancer | Loss of Klotho’s tumor suppressor function (Klotho protects against multiple cancer types) | Doi et al. (2011) |
| Ewendt et al. (2021) | ||
| Rubinek and Wolf, (2016) | ||
| Sachdeva et al. (2020) | ||
| Lungs | Pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Huang Q. et al. (2020) |
| Gao et al. (2015) | ||
| Bones | Osteoporosis, osteomalacia from chronic kidney disease | Kuro-o. (2017). 2019, 2021 |
| Tasnim et al. (2021) | ||
| Metabolism, Diabetes | Pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in type 1 and 2 diabetes, glucose and lipid homeostasis, regeneration of β cells, autoimmunity and inflammation (insulitis) | Keles et al. (2016) |
| Landry et al., 2021a,b | ||
| Lin and Sun, 2012, 2015a, 2015b | ||
| Nie et al. (2017) | ||
| Prud’homme et al. (2017a), 2020 | ||
| Razzaque. (2012); Takenata et al. (2019) |