TABLE 2.
Examples of current clinical drugs that increase Klotho.
| Category (name) | Usual Clinical applications | References |
|---|---|---|
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors (losartan, valsartan) | Hypertension | Janic et al. (2019) |
| Chronic kidney disease | Karalliedde et al. (2013) | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Li X and Zhou, (2010) | |
| Cardiac failure | Lim SC, et al. (2014) | |
| Yoon et al. (2011) | ||
| Statins (atorvastatin, pitavastatin, simvastatin fluvastatin) | Hyperlipidemia | Adeli et al. (2017) |
| Atherosclerosis | Janic et al. (2019) | |
| Ischemic cardiovascular | Kuwahara et al. (2008) | |
| and renal disease | Narumiya et al. (2004) | |
| Yoon et al. (2012) | ||
| PPAR-y agonists (rosiglitazone, ciglitazone, pioglitazone) | Diabetes | Chen LJ, et al. (2014) |
| Hyperlipidemia | Cheng et al. (2017) | |
| Huang KC, et al. (2014) | ||
| Maquigussa et al. (2018) | ||
| Shen et al. (2018) | ||
| Zhang H, et al. (2008) | ||
| mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin, everolimus) | Immunosuppression | Mizusaki et al. (2019) |
| Transplantation | Tabibzadeh, (2021) | |
| Tataranni et al. (2011) | ||
| Zhao Y, et al. (2015) | ||
| Vitamin D | Vitamin D supplementation | Haussler et al. (2020) |
| Hypocalcemia | Kuro-o, (2019) | |
| Rickets | Lerch et al. (2018) | |
| Osteoporosis | Tsujikawa et al. (2003) | |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist (exendin-4) and DPP-4 inhibitors (linagliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin) | Type 2 diabetes | Manrique et al. (2016) |
| Liu W, et al. (2017); Liu et al. (2021) | ||
| Son et al. (2019) | ||
| Wang Q, et al. (2019) | ||
| Yossef et al. (2020) | ||
| Metformin | Type 2 diabetes | Xue et al. (2019) |
| Pentoxifylline | Peripheral vascular disease | Navarro-Gonzalez et al. (2018) |
| Antiplasmodial (dihydroartemisinin) | Malaria | Zhou et al. (2022) |
| Endothelin-1 receptor antagonist (Atrasentan) | Diabetic nephropathy | Kang and Xu, 2016 |
Abbreviations: DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin, PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.