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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of periodontal bacteria activates the innate and adaptive immune cascades and leads to the destruction of soft and hard tissues of the periodontium, leading to clinical signs of periodontitis. IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NK, natural killer; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand; ROS, reactive oxygen species
