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. 2022 Mar 6;55(Suppl 2):295–329. doi: 10.1111/iej.13710

FIGURE 9.

FIGURE 9

Experimental measurement of irrigant velocity by high‐speed imaging and Particle Image Velocimetry analysis: (a) velocity vectors and (b) velocity magnitude in the apical third of an artificial root canal during syringe irrigation with a 30G closed‐ended needle. The needle is coloured in black. [Reprinted and modified with permission from Wiley (Boutsioukis et al., 2010a)]