FIGURE 9.
Experimental measurement of irrigant velocity by high‐speed imaging and Particle Image Velocimetry analysis: (a) velocity vectors and (b) velocity magnitude in the apical third of an artificial root canal during syringe irrigation with a 30G closed‐ended needle. The needle is coloured in black. [Reprinted and modified with permission from Wiley (Boutsioukis et al., 2010a)]