TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of healthy controls (HCs) and patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease (PD)
| Variables | HC (n = 20) | PD (n = 45) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.4 ± 7.1 | 58.0 ± 8.0 | 0.112 |
| Sex (Male/Female) | 9/11 | 16/29 | 0.470 |
| Formal education (years) | 11.6 ± 2.4 | 10.0 ± 3.0 | 0.076 |
| Age at onset (years) | NA | 56.1 ± 7.9 | NA |
| Disease duration (years) | NA | 1.9 ± 1.1 | NA |
| UPDRS part II | NA | 7.2 ± 2.9 | NA |
| UPDRS part III | 0.5 ± 1.4 | 21.9 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| H‐Y stage | NA | 1.6 ± 0.5 | NA |
| NMSQuest | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| HAMD | 1.1 ± 2.4 | 8.6 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
| HAMA | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 6.3 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| PDSS | NA | 128.3 ± 17.6 | NA |
| CCI | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 0.030 |
| MMSE | 28.7 ± 1.1 | 27.7 ± 2.3 | 0.214 |
| MoCA | 27.7 ± 1.6 | 23.8 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| MCI | NA | 27 (60.0%) | NA |
| Attention/working memory | |||
| DST | 10.7 ± 2.1 | 11.9 ± 2.6 | 0.073 |
| DST‐forward | 6.7 ± 1.7 | 7.2 ± 1.4 | 0.119 |
| DST‐backward | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | 0.181 |
| TMT‐A (second) | 82.7 ± 24.2 | 97.4 ± 46.8 | 0.238 |
| SCWT‐A‐time (second) | 23.0 ± 4.1 | 28.8 ± 10.0 | 0.003 |
| SCWT‐B‐time (second) | 32.4 ± 6.3 | 40.6 ± 16.4 | 0.008 |
| SCWT‐C‐time (second) | 66.1 ± 14.5 | 73.1 ± 21.5 | 0.186 |
| SCWT‐A‐right | 50.0 ± 0.2 | 49.9 ± 0.4 | 0.785 |
| SCWT‐B‐right | 49.6 ± 1.0 | 48.8 ± 2.8 | 0.312 |
| SCWT‐C‐right | 47.4 ± 2.3 | 46.7 ± 5.9 | 0.194 |
| Executive function | |||
| TMT‐B (second) | 156.0 ± 38.4 | 203.1 ± 88.5 | 0.057 |
| CDT | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 8.2 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| VFT | 19.2 ± 2.9 | 18.2 ± 4.9 | 0.272 |
| Language | |||
| Similarities | 17.4 ± 3.4 | 15.6 ± 4.9 | 0.228 |
| BNT | 25.5 ± 2.5 | 23.4 ± 4.4 | 0.110 |
| Memory | |||
| AVLT‐delayed recall | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 0.031 |
| AVLT‐recognition | 23.0 ± 1.1 | 22.0 ± 1.7 | 0.032 |
| LMT‐delayed recall | 6.9 ± 1.7 | 5.9 ± 2.4 | 0.109 |
| Visuospatial function | |||
| JLOT | 24.8 ± 2.5 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | 0.009 |
| HVOT | 16.9 ± 3.9 | 13.5 ± 4.9 | 0.008 |
Note: “n” refers to the number of participants.
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or n (%).
p‐values were calculated using the two‐sample t test, Mann‐Whitney U test, or Chi‐square test. Statistically significant values (p < 0.05) are indicated in bold.
Abbreviations: AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; BNT, Boston Naming Test; CCI, cognitive complaints interview; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; DST, Digit Span Backward Test; HAMA, Hamilton anxiety scale; HAMD, Hamilton depression scale; HVOT, Hooper Visual Organization Test; H‐Y, Hoehn and Yahr; JLOT, Benton’s Judgment of Line Orientation Test; LMT, Logical Memory Test; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini‐mental state examination; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; NA, not available; NMSQuest, non‐motor symptoms questionnaire; PDSS, Parkinson disease sleep scale; SCWT, Stroop Color‐Word Test; TMT‐A, Trail Making Test A; TMT‐B, Trail Making Test B; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; VFT, Verbal Fluence Test.