TABLE 2.

Multivariable regression analysis of plasma biomarker levels with motor outcomes and cognitive function in de novo Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients

	UPDRS part III		H‐Y stage		MoCA		PD‐MCI
	β (95% CI) a	p	β (95% CI) a	p	β (95% CI) a	p	OR (95% CI) b	p
α‐syn	3.105 (0.041 to 6.170)	0.047	0.203 (0.056 to 0.350)	0.008	−0.035 (−0.987 to 0.917)	0.941	2.536 (1.030 to 6.245)	0.043
Aβ42	−2.534 (−5.753 to 0.684)	0.119	−0.077 (−0.241 to 0.088)	0.352	−0.046 (−1.026 to 0.935)	0.925	0.864 (0.417 to 1.787)	0.693
Aβ40	−1.737 (−5.166 to 1.692)	0.312	−0.004 (−0.178 to 0.169)	0.959	−0.136 (−1.161 to 0.890)	0.790	1.929 (0.768to 4.846)	0.162
p‐tau181	1.261 (−2.125 to 4.646)	0.456	0.243 (0.091 to 0.394)	0.002	−0.665 (−1.649 to 0.320)	0.180	2.161 (0.572 to 8.168)	0.256
NFL	1.924 (−1.359 to 5.206)	0.243	0.109 (−0.054 to 0.273)	0.184	0.157 (−0.829 to 1.142)	0.750	1.222 (0.568 to 2.629)	0.609
GFAP	1.614 (−1.981 to 5.209)	0.370	−0.015 (−0.197 to 0.166)	0.865	0.422 (−0.643 to 1.486)	0.428	1.387 (0.646 to 2.979)	0.402

Note: All plasma biomarkers were standardized by z‐score transformation to achieve comparable scales for the various outcomes of interest. Multivariable regression analysis was adjusted for age, sex, and disease duration. Bold values are statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: Aβ40, amyloid β‐40; Aβ42, amyloid β‐42; CI, confidence interval; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; H‐Y, Hoehn and Yahr; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; NFL, neurofilament light chain protein; OR, odds ratio; p‐tau181, phosphorylated tau 181; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; α‐syn, α‐synuclein.

^a In the multivariable linear regression analysis, the β coefficient was the change in the score of UPDRS part III, H‐Y stage, or MoCA by increasing one unit of standardized plasma biomarkers.

^b Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent variables associated with the PD‐MCI.