Figure 6.

The model of coordinated gene pathways underlying the adaptive evolution of specific strategy in Euryale ferox leaf development.There are five main gene pathways involved in the leaf development of E. ferox. (i) Photosynthesis. Early adult leaves and adult leaves above water provide the energy for the development of adult leaves underwater through SWEET genes. (ii) Cell proliferation. This process occurs and is completed at the underwater development stage of adult leaves, which lays the foundation for rapid expansion of leaves after they rise above the water. (iii) Cell expansion. The high expression of cell expansion‐related genes occurs at the underwater stage, and is completed at the above‐water stage. (iv) Phytohormones and (v) ribosome proteins (RPs). These genes are related to different phytohormones (Auxin, GA, Br and CK) and RPs that are involved in leaf development and occur at the underwater stage of adult leaves. These genes were over‐retained through paleo‐hexaploidization and became involved in the regulation of E. ferox leaf development. Different sizes of circles represent the copy number of genes. LHC, light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b‐binding; PRK, phosphoribulokinase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; PGK, phosphoglycerate kinase; APC10, anaphase promoting complex10; GIF, grf‐interacting factor; CDC27, cell division cycle protein 27; TCP, teosinte branched1/cycloidea/pcf; GRF, growth‐regulating factor; ANT, aintegumenta; AIL, aintegumenta‐like1; CYCD3, cyclin d3; EOD1, enhancer of da1‐1; ARF, auxin response factor; KLU, kluh; EXP, expansin; EBP1, eRBb‐3 epidermal growth factor receptor binding protein; RPT2a, regulatory particle aaa‐atpase 2a; TOR, target of rapamycin; ZHD, zinc finger homeodomain; BR, brassinosteroids; GA, gibberellins; HK, histidine kinase; CK, cytokinin. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]