TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with ACLF at the time of admission
| Variable | HC | ACLF no systemic inflammation | ACLF systemic inflammation | ACLF sepsis | p value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (mean ± SD) | (n = 10) | (n = 12) | (n = 19) | (n = 28) | (between HC and ACLF groups) | (between ACLF groups) |
| Age (years) | 37.9 ± 8.1 | 41.4 ± 9.0 | 42.7 ± 12.4 | 46.5 ± 11.9 | ns | ns |
| Temperature (°F) | 98.4 ± 0.4 | 98.5 ± 0.5 | 98.3 ± 0.2 | 98.5 ± 0.6 | ns | ns |
| TLC (×1000 cells/mm3) | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 9.9 ± 4.6 | 15.7 ± 5.4 | 17.3 ± 14.9 | ns | ns |
| Respiratory rate | 14.4 ± 1.3 | 21.1 ± 0.9 | 19.6 ± 1.7 | 20.5 ± 2.7 | a , b , c | ns |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 72.5 ± 2.8 | 82.4 ± 9.4 | 93.8 ± 16 | 95.1 ± 14 | b , c | e |
| Bicarbonate | 26 ± 2.4 | 21.3 ± 2.8 | 21.7 ± 3.9 | 19.9 ± 2.1 | a , b , c | ns |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 15.3 ± 1.1 | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 9.4 ± 1.3 | 10 ± 1.9 | a , b , c | ns |
| Hematocrit | 47.7 ± 2.3 | 28.0 ± 5.9 | 25.9 ± 5.4 | 28.3 ± 5.1 | a , b , c | ns |
| N (%) | 62.7 ± 5 | 71.8 ± 14.2 | 71.7 ± 11.3 | 74.3 ± 12.1 | ns | ns |
| L (%) | 29.1 ± 6.6 | 20.6 ± 9.2 | 14.7 ± 9.1 | 12.5 ± 9.1 | b , c | ns |
| M (%) | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 11.5 ± 6.7 | 9.7 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 4.6 | a , b , c | ns |
| E (%) | 2 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 4 | 1.2 ± 1 | 1.2 ± 1 | ns | ns |
| NLR | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 4 | 6.9 ± 6.5 | 10.8 ± 9.5 | c | ns |
| MLR | 0.1 ± 0.08 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | a , b , c | e |
| Platelets (×1000 cells/ml) | 291.1 ± 104.3 | 82.6 ± 53.6 | 145.5 ± 63.9 | 128.6 ± 93 | a , b , c | ns |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 1 | 4.3 ± 3 | ns | ns |
| K (meq/dl) | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 5.4 | ns | ns |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.2 ± 0.07 | 9.5 ± 4.9 | 14 ± 6.4 | 14 ± 5.9 | a , b , c | ns |
| Indirect bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 7.1 ± 3.2 | 8.3 ± 2.6 | 11 ± 5.2 | a , b , c | e |
| AST (IU/L) | 30 ± 13.6 | 144.2 ± 58.4 | 152.8 ± 78.8 | 160.4 ± 98.2 | a , b , c | ns |
| ALT (IU/L) | 36.4 ± 13.8 | 52.4 ± 28 | 78 ± 67 | 68.1 ± 60.2 | ns | ns |
| Serum ALP | 75.8 ± 42.3 | 100.8 ± 27.4 | 79.8 ± 27.7 | 173.3 ± 262.5 | ns | ns |
| Gamma‐glutamyltransferase | 15.1 ± 801 | 70.6 ± 49.4 | 116.9 ± 216.1 | 89.2 ± 69.1 | ns | ns |
| T. protein (mg/dl) | 6.9 ± 1 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 1 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | b | d |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | a , b , c | ns |
| Globulin | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 10.3 ± 30.7 | ns | ns |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | ns | e |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 1 ± 0.3 | 15.9 ± 8.2 | 24 ± 11.8 | 23.8 ± 9.9 | a , b , c | ns |
| INR | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | a , b , c | ns |
| Na (meq/l) | 138.5 ± 6.3 | 129.4 ± 2.6 | 131.5 ± 5.5 | 128.4 ± 5.2 | a , b , c | ns |
| MELD | 0 ± 0 | 24.6 ± 2.3 | 29 ± 3.3 | 30.3 ± 6.4 | a , b , c | e |
| MELD‐Na | 0 ± 0 | 29 ± 0.4 | 29.6 ± 3.1 | 31.9 ± 5.4 | a , b , c | ns |
Analysis was done using Bonferroni post hoc test, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant.
Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; INR, international normalized ratio; ns, not significant.
a
HC versus ACLF no systemic inflammation.
b
HC versus ACLF systemic inflammation.
c
HC versus ACLF sepsis.
d
ACLF no systemic inflammation versus ACLF systemic inflammation.
e
ACLF no systemic inflammation versus sepsis.