TABLE 2.
Odds ratios (OR) of periodontal disease risk and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for nutrient intakes by quartile
| Nutrients (per 1000 kcal) | Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. category | OR (95% CIs) | OR (95% CIs) | OR (95% CIs) | p‐Value for trend | |
| Protein (g/day) | — | 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | .767 |
| — | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | .359 | |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | — | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | .172 |
| — | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.02) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | .229 | |
| Starch (g/day) | — | 0.88 (0.75, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | .567 |
| — | 0.87 (0.75, 1.03) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.15) | .671 | |
| Total sugars (g/day) | — | 0.74 (0.64, 0.86) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) | .080 |
| — | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) | 0.80 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.05) | .233 | |
| Fat (g/day) | — | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.37) | .012 |
| — | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | .077 | |
| Saturated fat (g/day) | — | 1.14 (0.97, 1.33) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) | 1.24 (1.07, 1.45) | .003 |
| — | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.39) | 1.20 (1.03, 1.41) | .016 | |
| Polyunsaturated FA (g/day) | — | 0.81 (0.70, 0.95) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.20) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.11) | .680 |
| — | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) | .832 | |
| Dietary fibre (g/day) | — | 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.98) | .022 |
| — | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.11) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) | .071 | |
| Retinol (μg/day) | — | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) | 1.15 (0.99, 1.34) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.28) | .093 |
| — | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.24) | .056 | |
| β‐Carotene (μg/day) | — | 1.10 (0.95, 1.28) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.18) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | .243 |
| — | 0.95 (0.82, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | .237 | |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | — | 0.86 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.98) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | .003 |
| — | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | .015 | |
| Folate (μg/day) | — | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.91) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) | <.001 |
| — | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.94) | .005 | |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | — | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | .002 |
| — | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.03) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | .011 | |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | — | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | 0.76 (0.66, 0.89) | .001 |
| — | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) | .001 | |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | — | 0.97 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.00) | .057 |
| — | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.04) | .175 | |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | — | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | .018 |
| — | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.02) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.94) | .003 | |
| Calcium (mg/day) | — | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.28) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) | .601 |
| — | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | .560 | |
| Iron (mg/day) | 0.74 (0.64, 0.86) | 0.75 (0.65, 0.87) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.83) | <.001 | |
| — | 0.79 (0.68, 0.92) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) | .002 | |
| Potassium (mg/day) | — | 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) | <.001 |
| — | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 0.79 (0.67, 0.92) | .004 | |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | — | 0.85 (0.73, 0.98) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.97) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.86) | <.001 |
| — | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.91) | .003 |
Note: Data analysed using logistic regression. Data presented as unadjusted (top values) and adjusted OR and 95% CIs. Quartile (Q) 1 is the reference category and represents the lowest intake of a particular nutrient. Adjusted for age (years), sex (male/female), ethnicity (White/non‐White), Townsend Deprivation Index score, body mass index (kilogram per square metre), smoking status (never/previous/current), and alcohol drinking status (never/previous/current). Values highlighted in bold are significant (p < .05).
Abbreviation: FA, fatty acids.