Table 2.

Plants as antivenom agents. Various methods of extraction, parts of plants and specialized metabolites have been tested with different species of venomous snakes.

Plant	Extraction/Metabolite	Inhibitory Effects on	Snake Venom	Reference
Aristolochia indica	Aqueous extract of the roots	L-amino acid oxidase and protease	Daboia russelii	[32]
Azadirachta indica	Purified molecule (AIPLAI) from the methanolic leaf extract	PLA2 activity	Naja naja, Naja kaouthia and Daboia russelli	[33]
Philodendron megalophyllum	Aqueous extract using the stem	Hemorrhagic and fibrinolytic activities	B. atrox	[19]
Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Citrus aurantium	Hesperetinb obtained from hesperidin in citrus peels	Serine proteinase activity	Crotalus simus	[45]
Pentaclethra macroloba	Purified molecules of the aqueous extract of the bark. (macrolobin-A and B)	Hemorrhagic, proteolytic, and fibrinolytic activities	B. neuwiedi and B. jararacussu	[46]
Dracontium dubium	Ethanolic extract from tubers	Lethality, inflammatory, and hemolytic effects	B. asper	[20]
Piper longum	Ethanolic extract of the fruits	Lethality, hemorrhage, necrosis, defibrinogenation, and inflammatory paw edema	Daboia russelli	[47]
Cordia verbenacea	Methanolic extracts of leaves	Paw edema	B. jararacussu	[48]
Urera bacífera, Loasa speciosa Chaptalia nutans Satureja viminea	Aqueous extracts of leaves	Edema	B. asper	[49]
Uncaria tomentosa	Aqueous extracts of roots	Edema	B. asper	[49]
Mouriri pusa, Davilla elliptica, Byrsonima crassa	Methanolic extracts from leaves	Hemorrhage	B. jararaca	[50]
Bursera Simaruba, Phoebe Brenesii, Virola koschnyi	Extraction water:ethanol (85:15) of barks	Hemorrhage	B. asper	[52]
Clusia palmana, Croton Draco	Extraction water:ethanol (85:15) of leaves	Hemorrhage	B. asper	[52]
Persea americana	Extraction water:ethanol (85:15) of seed	Hemorrhage	B. asper	[52]
Harpalyce brasiliana	Purified edunol extracted from roots	PLA2 activity	B. jararacucu	[13]
Brongniartia podalyrioides	Purified edunol isolated from roots	Lethality	B. atrox	[60]
Schizolobium parahyba	Purificated molecules from aqueous extract of leaves (isoquercitrin, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, catechin, and gallocatechin)	Hemorrhagic and fibrinogenolytic activities	B. alternatus	[61]
Mangifera indica	Ethanolic extract from seeds	Caseinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities	Calloselasma rhodostoma Naja siamensis	[62]