Table 2.
Multi-mycotoxin groups and metabolites detected in sorghum grain samples (n = 80) collected at post-harvest stage from eastern Ethiopia, 2021 harvesting season.
| Mycotoxins Group | Specific Metabolites | % Positive Samples | Concentration (μg/kg) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Median | Max | |||
| Major mycotoxins and derivatives | Aflatoxin B1 | 1 (1.25) | 0.29 | <LOD | 23.6 |
| Aflatoxin B2 | 1 (1.25) | 0.01 | <LOD | 0.79 | |
| Aflatoxin G1 | 1 (1.25) | 0.01 | <LOD | 0.62 | |
| Ochratoxin A | 4 (5.0) | 2.89 | <LOD | 115 | |
| Ochratoxin B | 4 (5.0) | 0.28 | <LOD | 13.8 | |
| Fumonisin B1 | 5 (6.25) | 2.78 | <LOD | 112 | |
| Fumonisin B2 | 2 (2.5) | 0.52 | <LOD | 30.3 | |
| Deoxynivalenol | 5 (6.25) | 2.70 | <LOD | 137 | |
| Nivalenol | 13 (16) | 1.66 | <LOD | 22.3 | |
| Monoacetoxyscirpenol | 8 (10) | 2.38 | <LOD | 59.1 | |
| Diacetoxyscirpenol | 13 (16) | 0.88 | <LOD | 15.3 | |
| Zearalenone | 19 (24) | 3.62 | <LOD | 121 | |
| alpha-Zearalenol | 1 (1.25) | 0.08 | <LOD | 6.52 | |
| Fusarium metabolites | Moniliformin | 74 (93) | 58.0 | 25.62 | 437 |
| Beauvericin | 17 (21) | 0.57 | <LOD | 10.2 | |
| Enniatin A1 | 2 (2.50) | 0.02 | <LOD | 0.95 | |
| Enniatin B | 8 (10) | 0.02 | <LOD | 0.65 | |
| Enniatin B1 | 3 (3.75) | 0.03 | <LOD | 1.14 | |
| Antibiotic Y | 3 (3.75) | 0.15 | <LOD | 8.29 | |
| Aurofusarin | 15 (19) | 4.79 | <LOD | 116 | |
| Bikaverin | 67 (84) | 80.9 | 42.3 | 468 | |
| Chrysogin | 20 (25) | 1.72 | <LOD | 34 | |
| Deoxyfusapyron | 39 (49) | 14.8 | <LOD | 306 | |
| Epiequisetin | 4 (5.00) | 0.02 | <LOD | 0.61 | |
| Equisetin | 23 (29) | 2.42 | <LOD | 32.9 | |
| Fusapyron | 7 (8.80) | 0.99 | <LOD | 27.3 | |
| Fusaric acid | 43 (54) | 204 | 36.6 | 2790 | |
| Gibepyron D | 2 (2.50) | 1.18 | <LOD | 50.9 | |
| Sambutoxin | 6 (7.50) | 0.02 | <LOD | 0.71 | |
| Siccanol | 70 (88) | 240 | 110 | 2374 | |
| W493 | 6 (7.50) | 1.25 | <LOD | 31.9 | |
| Aspergillus metabolites | Sterigmatocystin | 24 (30) | 2.80 | <LOD | 50.5 |
| Methoxysterigmatocystin | 5 (6.25) | 0.80 | <LOD | 29.7 | |
| Versicolorin C | 8 (10) | 0.19 | <LOD | 6.08 | |
| Averufin | 23 (29) | 0.66 | <LOD | 11.7 | |
| 8-O-Methylaverufin | 12 (15) | 0.32 | <LOD | 8.54 | |
| Kojic acid | 8 (10) | 197 | <LOD | 4580 | |
| 3-Nitropropionic acid | 49 (61) | 67.8 | 9.07 | 817 | |
| Asperflavine | 27 (34) | 3.83 | <LOD | 63 | |
| Asperfuran | 28 (35) | 218 | <LOD | 2630 | |
| Asperloxine A | 1 (1.25) | 0.04 | <LOD | 3.05 | |
| Aspochracin | 8 (10) | 6.42 | <LOD | 226 | |
| Sydonic acid | 2 (2.50) | 0.04 | <LOD | 2.77 | |
| Viomellein | 2 (2.50) | 21.2 | <LOD | 1410 | |
| Penicillium metabolites | Mycophenolic acid | 48 (60) | 242 | 8.40 | 8300 |
| Mycophenolic acid IV | 16 (20) | 1.13 | <LOD | 47 | |
| 1-Deoxypebrolide | 38 (48) | 5.46 | <LOD | 127 | |
| 7-Hydroxypestalotin | 6 (7.50) | 0.44 | <LOD | 13.4 | |
| Barceloneic acid | 13 (16) | 1.27 | <LOD | 32.8 | |
| Chanoclavin | 4 (5.00) | 0.06 | <LOD | 1.71 | |
| Cycloaspeptide A | 5 (6.25) | 1.28 | <LOD | 90.5 | |
| Cyclopenin | 4 (5.00) | 0.08 | <LOD | 2.47 | |
| Cyclopenol | 5 (6.25) | 0.93 | <LOD | 33.5 | |
| Dechlorogriseofulvin | 6 (7.50) | 0.52 | <LOD | 23.5 | |
| Dehydrogriseofulvin | 2 (2.50) | 0.01 | <LOD | 0.47 | |
| F01 1358-A | 1 (1.25) | 0.10 | <LOD | 8.38 | |
| Flavoglaucin | 80 (100) | 128 | 12.8 | 1870 | |
| Griseofulvin | 15 (19) | 0.96 | <LOD | 25.3 | |
| NP1793 | 5 (6.25) | 3.23 | <LOD | 129 | |
| O-Methylviridicatin | 4 (5.00) | 0.08 | <LOD | 5.29 | |
| Penicillic acid | 3 (3.75) | 0.66 | <LOD | 27.9 | |
| Quinolactacin A | 4 (5.00) | 0.07 | <LOD | 3.78 | |
| Quinolactacin B | 1 (1.25) | 0.01 | <LOD | 0.41 | |
| PF 1163A | 2 (2.50) | 0.02 | <LOD | 1.33 | |
| Rugulovasine A | 5 (6.25) | 0.58 | <LOD | 24.8 | |
| Alternaria metabolites | Tenuazonic acid | 74 (93) | 155 | 70.5 | 1520 |
| Alternariol | 47 (59) | 3.39 | 0.73 | 46.4 | |
| Alternariolmethylether | 40 (50) | 2.38 | 0.26 | 35.2 | |
| Tentoxin | 46 (58 | 1.07 | 0.45 | 9.33 | |
| Macrosporin | 57 (71) | 5.61 | 2.32 | 77.1 | |
| Radicinin | 13 (16) | 6.19 | <LOD | 126 | |
| Metabolites from other fungal genera | Abscisic acid | 80 (100) | 17.5 | 15.8 | 46.5 |
| Cytochalasin B | 2 (2.50) | 1.45 | <LOD | 109 | |
| Destruxin A | 3 (3.75) | 0.06 | <LOD | 2.37 | |
| Monocerin | 50 (63) | 6.05 | 0.69 | 119 | |
| Preussin | 5 (6.25) | 0.61 | <LOD | 28.3 | |
| Terphenyllin | 26 (33) | 61.6 | <LOD | 1980 | |
| Terrein | 1 (1.25) | 1.49 | <LOD | 120 | |
| Trichodermamide C | 4 (5.00) | 0.40 | <LOD | 11.1 | |
| Bacterial metabolites | Chloramphenicol | 55 (69) | 0.39 | 0.24 | 4.98 |
| Monactin | 2 (2.50) | 0.02 | <LOD | 1.06 | |
| Nonactin | 4 (5.00) | 0.12 | <LOD | 5.4 | |
| Puromycin | 3 (3.75) | 0.35 | <LOD | 14.1 | |
| Unspecific metabolites | Asperglaucide | 32 (40) | 76.52 | <LOD | 1583 |
| Brevianamid F | 26 (33) | 2.86 | <LOD | 110 | |
| cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) | 80 (100) | 33.58 | 20.90 | 574 | |
| cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) | 8 (10) | 5.71 | <LOD | 410 | |
| Emodin | 30 (38) | 1.13 | <LOD | 24.6 | |
| Fallacinol | 22 (28) | 3.32 | <LOD | 46 | |
| N-Benzoyl-Phenylalanine | 25 (31) | 2.56 | <LOD | 51 | |
| Neoechinulin A | 44 (55) | 172 | 7.85 | 2000 | |
| Neoechinulin D | 54 (68) | 27.5 | 0.94 | 329 | |
| Physcion | 18 (23) | 21.2 | <LOD | 309 | |
| Tryptophol | 11 (14) | 5.08 | <LOD | 210 | |
LOD = Limit of Detection.