Table 3.
Concentrations (μg/kg) of means and standard deviations (SD) of multi-mycotoxins detected in sorghum samples of 2021, across the sampled districts.
| Mycotoxin Groups | Specific Metabolites | Doba | Fedis | Goro Gutu | Miesso |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Means ± SD | Means ± SD | Means ± SD | Means ± SD | ||
| Major mycotoxins and derivatives | Aflatoxin B1 | <LOD | <LOD | 1.18 ± 5.28 | <LOD |
| Aflatoxin B2 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.04 ± 0.18 | <LOD | |
| Aflatoxin G1 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.03 ± 0.14 | <LOD | |
| Ochratoxin A | 7.86 ± 26.2 | <LOD | 3.71 ± 16.57 | <LOD | |
| Ochratoxin B | 0.43 ± 1.10 | <LOD | 0.69 ± 3.08 | <LOD | |
| Fumonisin B1 | 7.00 ± 25.45 | <LOD | <LOD | 4.12 ± 9.50 | |
| Fumonisin B2 | 1.52 ± 6.78 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.58 ± 2.59 | |
| Deoxynivalenol | 8.45 ± 30.74 | <LOD | <LOD | 2.36 ± 7.96 | |
| Nivalenol | <LOD | 0.51 ± 2.28 | 1.08 ± 2.77 | 5.05 ± 7.13 | |
| Monoacetoxyscirpenol | 1.08 ± 4.83 | 2.96 ± 13.22 | <LOD | 5.49 ± 10.1 | |
| Diacetoxyscirpenol | 0.70 ± 3.13 | 0.76 ± 3.42 | 0.24 ± 0.92 | 1.84 ± 3.47 | |
| Zearalenone | 2.15 ± 7.65 | 0.08 ± 0.38 | 9.47 ± 27.97 | 2.77 ± 5.98 | |
| alpha-Zearalenol | <LOD | <LOD | 0.33 ± 1.46 | <LOD | |
| Fusarium metabolites | Moniliformin | 26.5 ± 38.1 | 27.1 ± 22.3 | 29.5 ± 27.9 | 149 ±99.1 |
| Beauvericin | 0.14 ± 047 | 0.06 ± 0.15 | 0.56 ± 2.19 | 1.53 ± 2.95 | |
| Enniatin A1 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.09 ± 0.28 | <LOD | |
| Enniatin B | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.17 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | |
| Enniatin B1 | <LOD | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.31 | <LOD | |
| Antibiotic Y | <LOD | 0.15 ± 0.65 | <LOD | 0.47 ± 1.86 | |
| Aurofusarin | 1.37 ± 5.54 | 2.76 ± 12.36 | 5.13 ± 16.8 | 9.92 ± 26.14 | |
| Bikaverin | 23.1 ± 51.1 | 68.3 ± 41.8 | 50.2 ± 98.6 | 182 ± 111 | |
| Chrysogin | 2.53 ± 7.73 | <LOD | 2.48 ± 3.84 | 1.85 ± 2.62 | |
| Deoxyfusapyron | 3.53 ± 13.9 | 10.5 ± 20.5 | 4.66 ± 11.5 | 40.4 ± 66.1 | |
| Epiequisetin | 0.02 ± 0.08 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | <LOD | 0.05 ± 0.15 | |
| Equisetin | 0.97 ± 3.11 | 0.97 ± 2.26 | 2.92 ± 6.63 | 4.79 ± 8.53 | |
| Fusapyron | <LOD | <LOD | 0.50 ± 2.26 | 3.49 ± 6.83 | |
| Fusaric acid | 41.8 ± 115 | 65.4 ± 80.8 | 82.4 ± 184 | 628 ± 649 | |
| Gibepyron D | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 4.73 ± 14.6 | |
| Sambutoxin | 0.01 ± 0.02 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.06 ± 0.17 | |
| Siccanol | 46.5 ± 47.9 | 274 ± 502 | 135 ± 243 | 506 ± 544 | |
| W493 | 0.76 ± 3.39 | 1.55 ± 6.93 | 2.53 ± 7.49 | 0.15 ± 0.67 | |
| Aspergillus metabolites | Sterigmatocystin | 2.86 ± 11.27 | 2.18 ± 4.74 | 1.66 ± 4.88 | 4.49 ± 11.0 |
| Methoxysterigmatocystin | 1.78 ± 6.70 | 0.06 ± 0.27 | 1.38 ± 4.33 | <LOD | |
| Versicolorin C | 0.34 ± 1.36 | 0.11 ± 0.37 | 0.29 ± 0.72 | 0.04 ± 0.19 | |
| Averufin | 0.73 ± 2.64 | 0.48 ± 0.82 | 0.82 ± 2.29 | 0.59 ± 1.44 | |
| 8-O-Methylaverufin | 0.13 ± 0.52 | 0.07 ± 0.22 | 0.37 ± 1.51 | 0.73 ± 1.98 | |
| Kojic acid | 235 ± 1024 | <LOD | 546 ± 1301 | 9.31 ± 34.0 | |
| 3-Nitropropionic acid | 85.0 ± 115 | 9.47 ± 40.36 | 84.2 ± 124 | 92.7 ± 199 | |
| Asperflavine | 4.41 ± 10.23 | 9.55 ± 18.35 | 1.01 ± 1.66 | 0.34 ± 1.00 | |
| Asperfuran | 307 ± 639 | 92.2 ±149 | 235 ± 419 | 238 ± 466 | |
| Asperloxine A | 0.15 ± 0.68 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | |
| Aspochracin | 1.77 ± 5.54 | 11.3 ± 50.6 | 4.12 ± 15.1 | 8.49 ± 36.2 | |
| Sydonic acid | <LOD | 0.14 ± 0.62 | 0.03 ± 0.11 | <LOD | |
| Viomellein | 70.6 ± 316 | <LOD | 14.1 ± 63.1 | <LOD | |
| Penicillium metabolites | Mycophenolic acid | 167 ± 273 | 33.8 ±138 | 763 ±1801 | 3.07 ± 5.57 |
| Mycophenolic acid IV | 0.70 ± 1.37 | 0.32 ± 1.45 | 3.51 ± 10.4 | <LOD | |
| 1-Deoxypebrolide | 8.50 ± 8.53 | 0.12 ± 0.53 | 13.21 ± 27.6 | <LOD | |
| 7-Hydroxypestalotin | <LOD | <LOD | 1.75 ± 3.34 | <LOD | |
| Barceloneic acid | <LOD | 0.75 ± 2.37 | <LOD | 4.31 ± 7.34 | |
| Chanoclavin | 0.10 ± 0.31 | <LOD | 0.05 ± 0.24 | 0.08 ± 0.38 | |
| Cycloaspeptide A | <LOD | 4.55 ± 20.2 | <LOD | 0.60 ± 2.23 | |
| Cyclopenin | 0.03 ± 0.16 | 0.12 ± 0.55 | 0.16 ± 0.55 | <LOD | |
| Cyclopenol | 1.04 ± 4.67 | 0.22 ± 0.97 | 2.48 ± 7.73 | <LOD | |
| Dechlorogriseofulvin | 1.57 ± 5.33 | 0.27 ± 1.19 | 0.11 ± 0.48 | 0.14 ± 0.63 | |
| Dehydrogriseofulvin | 0.01 ± 0.03 | <LOD | 0.02 ± 0.11 | <LOD | |
| F01 1358-A | <LOD | <LOD | 0.42 ± 1.87 | <LOD | |
| Flavoglaucin | 267 ± 471 | 118 ± 181 | 91.3 ± 148 | 34.5 ± 64.5 | |
| Griseofulvin | 2.51 ± 6.68 | 0.52 ± 1.00 | 0.57 ± 1.13 | 0.23 ± 1.02 | |
| NP1793 | 0.92 ± 2.86 | 6.45 ± 28.9 | 1.85 ± 8.29 | 3.71 ± 16.6 | |
| O-Methylviridicatin | <LOD | 0.33 ± 1.19 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | <LOD | |
| Penicillic acid | 1.56 ± 6.24 | <LOD | 1.09 ± 4.90 | <LOD | |
| Quinolactacin A | 0.21 ± 0.84 | <LOD | 0.05 ± 0.18 | <LOD | |
| Quinolactacin B | 0.02 ± 0.09 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | |
| PF 1163A | <LOD | <LOD | 0.09 ± 0.03 | <LOD | |
| Rugulovasine A | 1.41 ± 5.55 | 0.76 ± 2.35 | 0.17 ± 0.77 | <LOD | |
| Alternaria metabolites | Tenuazonic acid | 47.9 ± 43.5 | 180 ± 195 | 79.4 ± 96.1 | 312 ± 321 |
| Alternariol | 0.58 ± 1.09 | 3.45 ± 7.22 | 3.55 ± 10.32 | 5.99 ± 10.1 | |
| Alternariolmethylether | 0.39 ± 1.04 | 2.64 ± 7.76 | 2.72 ± 7.30 | 3.78 ± 6.82 | |
| Tentoxin | 0.17 ± 0.30 | 1.46 ± 1.57 | 0.22 ± 0.64 | 2.45 ± 2.51 | |
| Macrosporin | 0.88 ± 1.89 | 11.0 ± 17.1 | 0.75 ± 0.94 | 9.78 ± 5.73 | |
| Radicinin | 0.46 ± 2.05 | 12.2 ± 29.4 | 9.34 ± 23.13 | 2.82 ± 10.23 | |
| Metabolites from other fungal genera | Abscisic acid | 16.6 ± 6.66 | 19.4 ± 8.42 | 14.5 ± 4.58 | 19.49 ± 4.56 |
| Cytochalasin B | <LOD | 0.36 ± 1.61 | 5.43 ± 24.3 | <LOD | |
| Destruxin A | 0.19 ± 0.61 | 0.08 ± 0.35 | <LOD | <LOD | |
| Monocerin | 8.68 ± 27.2 | 7.16 ± 7.92 | 4.68 ± 9.50 | 3.68 ± 7.17 | |
| Preussin | 0.63 ± 1.95 | 1.42 ± 6.33 | 0.25 ± 1.13 | 0.16 ± 0.69 | |
| Terphenyllin | 13.2 ± 25.4 | 136 ± 438 | 10.9 ±21.9 | 86.3 ± 210 | |
| Terrein | 5.99 ± 26.8 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | |
| Trichodermamide C | 0.56 ± 1.75 | 0.55 ± 2.47 | 0.49 ± 2.23 | <LOD | |
| Bacterial metabolites | Chloramphenicol | 0.15 ± 0.19 | 0.12 ± 0.16 | 0.32 ± 0.31 | 1.00 ± 1.09 |
| Monactin | <LOD | 0.03 ± 0.14 | <LOD | 0.05 ± 0.23 | |
| Nonactin | <LOD | 0.27 ± 1.21 | <LOD | 0.20 ± 0.76 | |
| Puromycin | 0.32 ± 1.41 | 0.70 ± 3.14 | <LOD | 0.39 ± 1.75 | |
| Unspecific metabolites | Asperglaucide | 58.0 ± 135 | 63.1 ±130 | 1.74 ± 3.86 | 183 ± 420 |
| Brevianamid F | 1.01 ± 2.14 | 6.22 ± 24.4 | 1.51 ± 2.18 | 2.71 ± 2.79 | |
| cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) | 19.9 ± 12.4 | 48.9 ± 124 | 22.4 ± 12.3 | 43.1 ±27.8 | |
| cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) | <LOD | 20.5 ± 91.6 | <LOD | 2.34 ± 3.31 | |
| Emodin | 0.62 ± 1.33 | 2.99 ± 5.81 | 0.67 ± 1.39 | 0.26 ± 0.46 | |
| Fallacinol | 3.18 ± 7.23 | 6.98 ± 12.6 | 2.64 ± 8.62 | 0.51 ± 1.66 | |
| N-Benzoyl-Phenylalanine | 3.39 ± 5.64 | 0.32 ± 0.60 | 4.70 ± 11.8 | 1.84 ± 4.08 | |
| Neoechinulin A | 250 ± 480 | 267 ± 451 | 109 ± 176 | 59.9 ± 136 | |
| Neoechinulin D | 33.4 ± 76.2 | 49.6 ± 93.4 | 16.9 ± 27.2 | 9.99 ± 21.2 | |
| Physcion | 28.7 ± 69.4 | 47.0 ± 78.0 | 6.37 ± 19.6 | 2.85 ± 12.8 | |
| Tryptophol | 5.15 ± 10.2 | 11.5 ± 47.0 | 3.73 ± 7.78 | <LOD |