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. 2022 Jul 8;14(7):1436. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071436

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Setup for penetration tests: Perfusate is pumped from OFM bag through OFM probe (yellow) implanted in FTSE with topically applied cream and withdrawn by pump head 2. OFM samples for offline analysis of acyclovir, lidocaine, and diclofenac concentrations were collected at position 1. OFM samples for the offline analysis of glucose and lactate were collected at position 2. (B) Custom-made microfluidic flow-through cells for online monitoring of oxygen and pH: connection with tubing and optical fibers for data read out.