Table 1.

Comparison of application characteristics and osteogenesis mechanism of common EVs parent cells.

Parent Cells	Application Characteristics	Functions	References
BMSCs	Effective osteogenesis Easy to obtain Most widely used	Osteogenesis differentiation	[37,38]
hADSCs	Easy to obtain Rapid multiplication; the best choice to increase yield The most widely distributed in humans Poor osteogenic ability and require additional substances to induce osteogenesis	Osteogenesis differentiation	[39,40,41,42]
hUCMSCs	Higher pluripotency Strongest angiogenic properties Source from the waste organization, abundant sources There are no ethical and moral disputes Higher clinical potential	Angiogenesis	[43,44,45,46,47]
iPS-MSCs	There are advantages both of iPSCs and MSCs Unlimited growth and self-renewal No longer tumorigenic There are no ethical and moral disputes Stronger proliferation capacity and immune regulation function	Osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis	[15,22,48,49]
SHEDs	Multiple differentiation potential Non-invasive means to obtain (easy access) There are no ethical issues Rich in growth factors such as FGF2, TGF-β2 Stronger proliferative capacity	Osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis	[50,51,52,53]