Table 1.

Subtypes of NCCM, modified after Arbustini et al. [10].

1. iLVNC. NC morphology in left ventricles with normal systolic and diastolic function, size, and wall thickness;

2. LVNC with LV dilation and dysfunction at onset, such as in the paradigmatic infantile CMP of Barth syndrome

3. LVNC in hearts fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for DCM, HCM, RCM, or ARVC;

4. LVNC associated with congenital heart disease;

5. Syndromes with LVNC, either sporadic or familial, in which the noncompaction morphology is one of the cardiac traits associated with both monogenic defects and chromosomal anomalies, i.e., complex syndromes with several multiorgan defects;

6. Acquired and potentially reversible LVNC, which has been reported in athletes; it has also been reported in sickle cell anemia, pregnancy, myopathies, and chronic renal failure;

7. Right ventricular noncompaction, concomitant with that of the left ventricle, or present as a unique anatomic area of NC.