Table 1. Baseline Characteristics, Overall and Stratified by Study Arm.
| Baseline characteristics | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 200) | Comprehensive telehealth (n = 101) | Telemonitoring/care coordination (n = 99) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 57.8 (8.2) | 57.7 (8.3) | 57.8 (8.0) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 45 (22.5) | 24 (23.8) | 21 (21.2) |
| Male | 155 (77.5) | 77 (76.2) | 78 (78.8) |
| Race | |||
| Black or African American | 144 (72.0) | 68 (67.3) | 76 (76.8) |
| White | 42 (21.0) | 25 (24.8) | 17 (17.2) |
| Other racea | 14 (7.0) | 8 (7.9) | 6 (6.0) |
| Hispanic/Latino ethnicityb | 11 (5.5) | 6 (5.9) | 5 (5.1) |
| Did not graduate high school | 57 (28.5) | 29 (28.7) | 28 (28.3) |
| Currently married | 91 (45.5) | 45 (46.5) | 46 (45.5) |
| Social supportc,d | 191 (95.5) | 98 (97.0) | 93 (93.9) |
| Employed (full/part-time/self) | 90 (45.0) | 48 (47.5) | 42 (42.4) |
| Study site | |||
| Durham | 115 (57.5) | 57 (56.4) | 58 (58.6) |
| Richmond | 85 (42.5) | 44 (43.6) | 41 (41.4) |
| Years with diabetes, mean (SD) | 12.1 (7.7) | 12.1 (8.0) | 12.0 (7.5) |
| Prior diabetes specialty care | 136 (68.0) | 69 (68.3) | 67 (67.7) |
| Prior Home Telehealth enrollment | 12 (6.0) | 6 (5.9) | 6 (6.1) |
| Clinical measures | |||
| Baseline HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 10.2 (1.3) | 10.1 (1.2) | 10.2 (1.4) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 34.8 (6.7) | 34.5 (6.4) | 35.2 (7.0) |
| Hypertension | 166 (83.0) | 81 (80.2) | 85 (85.9) |
| Hyperlipidemiad | 171 (85.5) | 84 (83.2) | 87 (87.9) |
| Tobacco use in past 6 mo | 30 (25.4) | 16 (30.2) | 14 (21.5) |
| Metformin | 160 (80.0) | 78 (77.2) | 82 (82.8) |
| Sulfonylurea | 83 (41.5) | 35 (34.7) | 48 (48.9) |
| Thiazolidinedione | 14 (7.0) | 7 (6.9) | 7 (7.1) |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor | 22 (11.0) | 15 (14.9) | 7 (7.1) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 25 (12.5) | 11 (10.9) | 14 (14.1) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 4 (2.0) | 0 | 4 (4.0) |
| Insulin use | 142 (71.0) | 78 (77.2) | 64 (64.6) |
| Psychosocial measures | |||
| Diabetes distress (DDS), mean (SD) | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.9) |
| Diabetes self-care (DSMQ), mean (SD) | 6.7 (1.6) | 6.9 (1.5) | 6.5 (1.7) |
| Self-efficacy (PCS), mean (SD) | 5.2 (1.5) | 5.2 (1.5) | 5.2 (1.4) |
| Depression (PHQ-8) score, mean (SD)e | 7.3 (5.7) | 7.0 (5.2) | 7.6 (6.1) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; DDS, Diabetes Distress Scale; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; DSMQ, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; PCS, Perceived Competence Scale; PHQ-8, Patient Health Questionnaire-8; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2.
Because of low numbers in the Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, other, and unknown categories, these were combined into a single category, “other race.”
One patient in the telemonitoring/care coordination group responded “Don’t know” to the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question.
Social support was assessed by asking, “Do you have someone you feel close to, someone you can trust and confide in?”
One patient in the comprehensive telehealth group responded “Don’t know” to having high cholesterol and to having social support.
One patient in the comprehensive telehealth group and 1 patient in the telemonitoring/care coordination group were missing the PHQ-8 score.