Table 1.
The molecular mechanisms of PCs in nicotine-induced NSCLC treatment.
| Study Type | NSCLC Cell Type | Extract/Compound | Concentrations | Activity | Mechanisms of Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro | DMS114 | Cranberry presscake | 200–300 µmol/L | Anti-proliferative, apoptosis | NA | [40] |
| In vitro | H460 | Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) | 20–80 µg/mL | Anti-proliferative | MMP2, MMP9↓ | [41] |
| In vitro | H460 | Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) | 50 µg/mL | Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest | P21, P73, PARP, cytochrome c, caspase3/4/8↑ Bcl-2↓ |
[42] |
| In vitro/vivo | A549 | Grape seed | 100 µg/mL (in vitro) 30 mg PC/kg bodyweight (in vivo) |
Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis | MMP2↓ | [43] |
| In vitro/vivo | A549, H1299 | Grape seed | 60, 80 µg/mL (in vitro) Administration of PCs (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5%, bodyweight) (in vivo) |
Anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, apoptosis | PCNA↓ IGFBP-3↑ |
[44] |
| In vitro/vivo | H157, H226, H460, H1299, A549 | Grape seed | 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL (in vitro) Administration of PCs (0.5%, bodyweight) (in vivo) |
Anti-proliferative, apoptosis | COX-2, PGI-2↓ | [45] |
| In vitro | A549, H1299 | Grape seed | 10, 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL | Anti-migration | NO, L-NAME, MAPK, ERK1/2↓ | [46] |
| In vitro | A549 | Grape seed | 6 µg/mL | Anti-proliferative, apoptosis | caspase 3, PTGIS/PGI2↑ | [47] |
| In vitro | A549, H1299, H460 | Grape seed | 20 and 40 µg/mL | Anti-migration | E-cadherin, NOX, p22/p47(phox)↓ N-cadherin, fibronectin, vimentin↑ |
[48] |
| In vitro/vivo | A549, H1299 | Grape seed | 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL (in vitro) 50, 100, and 200 mg PC/kg bodyweight (in vivo) |
Apoptosis | G1arrest, Bax, caspases-3/9, Cdki, PARP↑ Bcl-2,Bcl-xl, Cdk2/4/6, cyclins↓ |
[49] |
| In vitro/vivo | A549 | Grape seed | 45 µg/mL (in vitro) 112 mg PC/kg bodyweight (in vivo) |
Anti-proliferative, anti-invasive | CDKN1A, p21↑, miR-106b↓ |
[50] |
| In vitro | A549 | Cinnamomi Cortex | 2.5 µg/mL | Inhibition of cell viability and proliferation | Nrf2↓ | [51] |
| In vitro | A549 | Cinnamomi Cortex | 10 µg/mL | Inhibition of cell proliferation | Nrf2, IGF-1R↓ | [52] |
| In vitro | A549 | Cinnamomi Cortex | 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL | Anti-metastatic | TGF-β, snail, E-cadherin, smad2↓ | [53] |
| In vitro | A549 | PCs | ≥100 mg/L | Inhibition of cell viability | ROS, MDA, Nrf2↓ HO-1, NQO1, TXNRD1, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase↑ |
[54] |
| In vitro | A549 | PCs | 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µM | Inhibition of cell viability and proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest | N-cadherin, vimentin, Bcl-2, MMP2/9, JAK2/STAT3↓, Bax↑ |
[55] |
| In vitro | A549 | Green tea leaf | 1, 5, 10, 20 µM | Anti-proliferative, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest | P21, P53, Fas/sFasL, Fas/APO-1↑ | [56] |
| In vitro | A549 | Myrica rubra | 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 µM | Anti-proliferative, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest | Fas/APO-1, P21/WAF1, P53, Fas/sFasL↑ | [57] |
| In vitro | A549, H460 | Rhododendron formosanum | 125, 150, and 175 µM | Autophagy | Akt/mTOR↓ | [58] |
(↑) increase; (↓) decrease; NA: not mentioned.